Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5A?
a. C is sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
b. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
c. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
e. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Answer: b. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 1B?
a. The method of agreement.
b. The joint method of agreement and difference.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of concomitant variation.
e. The method of residues.
Answer: d. The method of concomitant variation.
Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 3A?
a. The joint method of agreement and difference.
b. The method of residues.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of agreement.
e. The method of concomitant variation.
Answer: a. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Question: When we say that throwing a wine glass against a brick wall causes it to break, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a:
a. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
b. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
c. Relative and an absolute condition.
d. Relative but not an absolute condition.
e. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
Answer: e. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
Question: When we say that an electric current flowing through the filament of a light bulb causes the bulb to produce light, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a:
a. Relative and an absolute condition.
b. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
c. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
d. Relative but not an absolute condition.
e. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
Answer: b. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
Question: Suppose that a sales consulting firm notices a correlation between the sale of house paint and number of home sales in an area. As the number of home sales increases, the sale of house paint increases, and vice versa. The consulting firm concludes that buying a home causes the new owners to purchase house paint. What method did the consulting firm use in drawing this conclusion?
a. The method of concomitant variation.
b. The method of agreement.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of residues.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Answer: a. The method of concomitant variation.
Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 2B?
a. C is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
b. A is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
e. F is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Answer: c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 1B?
a. D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
b. A is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
c. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. E is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
e. A is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Answer: d. E is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 3B?
a. B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
b. E is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
c. D is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
e. D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Answer: e. D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 4B?
a. B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
b. C is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
c. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
d. C is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
e. B is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Answer: d. C is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
Question: The method used by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in her discovery involving Cepheids, which is described in your textbook, is similar to:
a. The method of agreement.
b. The method of residues.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of concomitant variation.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Answer: d. The method of concomitant variation.
Question: When we say that water droplets in the atmosphere cause a rainbow to appear, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a:
a. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
b. Necessary and a sufficient condition.
c. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
d. Relative but not an absolute condition.
e. Relative and an absolute condition.
Answer: a. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
Question: Suppose that an accountant for a bank notices a 5 percent reduction in profits for a certain quarter of operations. The accountant identifies four sources of increased costs that might account for this: increased salaries for some of the employees, increased utility costs, new computers for one of the departments, and increased real estate taxes. After further study, the accountant finds that each of these is responsible for a 1 percent reduction in profits, which adds up to a total of 4 percent. Unable to account for the final 1 percent loss, the accountant attributes it to embezzlement by one of the employees. What method did the accountant use in drawing this conclusion?
a. The method of agreement.
b. The joint method of agreement and difference.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of residues.
e. The method of concomitant variation.
Answer: d. The method of residues.
Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 3B?
a. The method of agreement.
b. The method of residues.
c. The joint method of agreement and difference.
d. The method of difference.
e. The method of concomitant variation.
Answer: c. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 4A?
a. E is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
b. B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
c. A is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. D is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
e. F is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
Answer: d. D is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5B?
a. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
b. C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
d. B is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
e. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
Answer: c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
Question: Suppose that a philosophy professor is able to monitor the amount of time her logic students spend working on a computerized tutorial program. When the students spend 5 hours on the program, their average grade increases by 4 percentage points. When they spend 10 hours on the program, their average grade increases by an additional 4 percentage points, and when they spend 15 hours working on the program, their grades increase by yet an additional 4 percentage points. The professor concludes that work on the tutorial program causes an increase in student grades. What method did the professor use in drawing this conclusion?
a. The method of difference.
b. The method of agreement.
c. The method of concomitant variation.
d. The method of residues.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Answer: c. The method of concomitant variation.
Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 4B?
a. The method of residues.
b. The method of concomitant variation.
c. The method of agreement.
d. The method of difference.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Answer: d. The method of difference.
Question: Suppose that the owner of a 1980 Porsche Carrera notices that it takes 7 percent longer for her car to accelerate from zero to sixty than it did when the car was new. From a book relating to relevant parameters, she calculates that 2 percent of the reduction can be attributed to the fact that the car now has larger tires. Also, the alcohol content of the gas accounts for 2 percent, dirty spark plugs for 1 percent, and the fact that she now lives in Los Angeles, where the air is thicker than it was in Denver, where she bought the car, accounts for 1 percent. The owner attributes the remaining 1 percent to general aging of the engine. What method did the owner use in drawing this conclusion?
a. The joint method of agreement and difference.
b. The method of agreement.
c. The method of difference.
d. The method of concomitant variation.
e. The method of residues.
Answer: e. The method of residues.
Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 4A?
a. The method of difference.
b. The method of concomitant variation.
c. The method of agreement.
d. The method of residues.
e. The joint method of agreement and difference.
Answer: a. The method of difference.