Question: Either Chrysler’s increasing sales is a necessary condition for Toyota’s closing a factory or Nissan’s laying off workers is a sufficient condition for Honda’s reducing inventory.
Answer Choices: a. T ⊃ [C ⊃ (N ⊃ H)] b. (C ⊃ T) ⊃ H c. (T ⊃ C) ∨ (N ⊃ H) d. T ⊃ C ∨ (N ⊃ H) e. (C ⊃ T) ⊃ N ⊃ H
Answer: C
Question: Honda reduces inventory if and only if Mercedes does not introduce a new model, unless Toyota closes a factory.
Answer Choices: a. (H ⊃ M) ∨ (~M ⊃ T) b. (H ≡ M) ∨ T c. T ⊃ (H ≡ ~M) d. H ≡ (M ∨ T) e. (H ⊃ M) ⊃ T
Answer: B
Question: Given the following proposition: [(A \equiv X) \lor (Y \supset B)] \supset \neg [(X \lor B) \cdot (A \cdot Y)]\ Given that A and B are true and X and Y are false, determine the truth value of Proposition 1G.
Answer Choices: a. True b. False
Answer: a. True
Question: In Proposition 1G, the main operator is a:
Answer Choices: a. Dot b. Tilde c. Horseshoe d. Triple bar e. Wedge
Answer: c. Horseshoe
Question: Given the following proposition: [\neg [(A \supset Y) \lor (X \supset B)] \cdot [\neg (A \equiv X) \lor (B \supset X)]\ Given that A and B are true and X and Y are false, determine the truth value of Proposition 2G.
Answer Choices: a. True b. False
Answer: b. False
Question: In Proposition 2G, the main operator is a:
Answer Choices: a. Triple bar b. Wedge c. Horseshoe d. Tilde e. Dot
Answer: e. Dot
Question: Statement 1G is: (A \cdot B) \equiv (\neg A \cdot \neg B)
Answer Choices: a. Consistent b. Logically equivalent c. Tautologous d. Contingent e. Self-contradictory
Answer: d. Contingent
Question: The truth table for Statement 1G has how many lines?
Answer Choices: a. Four b. Eight c. Two d. Six e. Nine
Answer: a. Four
Question: The truth table for Statement 3G has how many lines?
Answer Choices: a. Four b. Nine c. Twelve d. Six e. Eight
Answer: e. Eight
Question: The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, cell body, and axon. The dendrites receive information from other neurons and pass it along to the cell body. The cell body decides whether the information should be passed on to other neurons. If it decides it should, then it does so by means of an electrical impulse that travels down the axon. When the impulse reaches the axon terminals, it triggers chemical communication with other neurons. — Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: The cell body decides … to other neurons. b. Argument; conclusion: The three main parts … and axon. c. Argument; conclusion: The dendrites … along to the cell body. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: When the impulse reaches … with other neurons.
Answer: d. Nonargument.
Question: Computerized scanning equipment has revolutionized the study of brain diseases and injuries. At best, conventional X-rays produce only shadowy images of the brain. Computed tomographic (CT) scanning is a specialized type of X-ray that does a much better job of making the brain visible. In a CT scan, X-ray information is collected by a computer and formed into an image of the brain. A CT scan can reveal the effects of strokes, injuries, tumors, and other brain disorders. — Dennis Coon and John O. Mitterer, Psychology: A Journey
Answer Choices: a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: A CT scan can reveal … other brain disorders. c. Argument; conclusion: At best, conventional X-rays … images of the brain. d. Argument; conclusion: Computed tomographic (CT) scanning … brain visible. e. Argument; conclusion: Computerized scanning equipment … and injuries.
Answer: e. Argument; conclusion: Computerized scanning equipment … and injuries.
Question: If you go to foreign films, if you go to documentaries, if you go to independent films, if you go to good films, you will become a better person because you will understand human nature better. Movies record human nature in a better way than any other art form. That’s for sure. — Roger Ebert
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: That’s for sure. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: If you go to foreign films … a better person. d. Argument; conclusion: You will understand human nature better. e. Argument; conclusion: Movies record human nature … any other art form.
Answer: c. Argument; conclusion: If you go to foreign films … a better person.
Question: If people buy cars that are more efficient, replace large appliances with energy-efficient ones, unplug unused freezers and refrigerators, replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent models, and plant trees on private property and public land, then millions of tons of heat-trapping gasses will be kept out of the atmosphere, the current level of these gasses will be reduced, and the catastrophic consequences of global warming will be averted.
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: People buy cars … private property and public land. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Millions of tons … out of the atmosphere. d. Argument; conclusion: The catastrophic consequences … will be averted. e. Argument; conclusion: Millions of tons of heat-trapping gasses … will be averted.
Answer: b. Nonargument.
Question: The parallel concepts of the element and the atom constitute the very foundations of chemical science. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form capable of an independent existence as observable matter. As such, the concept of the element is a macroscopic one that relates to the world that we can observe with our senses. The atom is the microscopic realization of this concept. That is, it is the actual physical particle that is unique to each chemical element. — Stephen Lower, Chem 1 Virtual Textbook
Answer Choices: a. Nonargument. b. Argument; conclusion: The parallel concepts … foundations of chemical science. c. Argument; conclusion: As such, the concept of the element … realization of this concept. d. Argument; conclusion: It is the actual physical particle … each chemical element. e. Argument; conclusion: An element is a substance … as observable matter.
Answer: a. Nonargument.
Question: Earth science can be divided into four branches. Geology is the study of rocks, minerals, and forces that wear down the surface and build mountains. Meteorology covers weather, climate, and the atmosphere. Astronomy investigates planets, stars, and other features outside the atmosphere. The study of the oceans is called oceanography. — Scott Ryan, Earth Science
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: The study of the oceans is called oceanography. b. Argument; conclusion: Geology is the study of rocks … build mountains. c. Argument; conclusion: Meteorology covers weather, climate, and the atmosphere. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: Earth science can be divided into four branches.
Answer: d. Nonargument.
Question: Apple seeds and cherry pits are poisonous because they contain cyanide compounds. Your body can detoxify small quantities of these compounds, but larger doses can lead to difficulty in breathing, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and kidney failure. Reactions can include coma, convulsions, and death from respiratory arrest. — Anne Marie Helmenstine, Your Guide to Chemistry
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: Apple seeds and cherry pits are poisonous. b. Argument; conclusion: Reactions can include … respiratory arrest. c. Argument; conclusion: They contain cyanide compounds. d. Argument; conclusion: Your body can detoxify … kidney failure. e. Nonargument.
Answer: a. Argument; conclusion: Apple seeds and cherry pits are poisonous.
Question: The power that modifies, influences, and controls climate originates with the sun. The amount of sunlight striking a particular area of the globe determines the level of warmth and ultimately the movement of air and the amount of precipitation. Because the earth is a globe that rotates about a tilted axis, the amount of sunlight striking the earth varies by region and time. — Gary S. Moore, Living with the Earth, 3rd ed.
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: The power that modifies … originates with the sun. b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is a globe that rotates about a tilted axis. c. Argument; conclusion: The amount of sunlight … varies by region and time. d. Nonargument. e. Argument; conclusion: The amount of sunlight … the amount of precipitation.
Answer: c. Argument; conclusion: The amount of sunlight … varies by region and time.
Question: Native peoples, completely dependent on Mother Earth for everything in their lives, worshipped the Earth as a nurturing goddess that provided for all their needs. From the soil came plants and growing things that provided clothing and food. From the rivers and seas came fish and shellfish for food, trade articles, and tools. From the air came rain, snow, and wind to grow crops and alter the seasons. The Earth was never stagnant or dull, but always provided for those in her care. — Linda Williams, Earth Science Demystified
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: From the rivers and seas … and tools. b. Argument; conclusion: From the soil came plants … clothing and food. c. Argument; conclusion: The Earth was never stagnant … in her care. d. Argument; conclusion: Native peoples … all their needs. e. Nonargument.
Answer: e. Nonargument.
Question: Water is abundant over most of the earth’s surface, and within the temperature range usually encountered there, it is liquid. Water also is a powerful solvent. Consequently, water is an excellent medium for the chemical processes of living systems. It is hard to imagine life having any other basis than water. — Robert E. Ricklefs, The Economy of Nature, 5th ed.
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: It is hard to imagine life having any other basis than water. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Water is abundant … it is liquid. d. Argument; conclusion: Water is an excellent medium … living systems. e. Argument; conclusion: Water also is a powerful solvent.
Answer: d. Argument; conclusion: Water is an excellent medium … living systems.
Question: It is a fact that major life forms now on earth were not at all represented in the past. There were no birds or mammals 250 million years ago. It is a fact that major life forms of the past are no longer living. There used to be dinosaurs and Pithecanthropus, and there are none now. It is a fact that all living forms came from previously living forms. Therefore, all present forms of life arose from ancestral forms that were different: birds arose from nonbirds and humans from nonhumans. — R.C. Lewontin, Evolution/Creation Debate: A Time for Truth
Answer Choices: a. Argument; conclusion: It is a fact that all living forms … previously living forms. b. Argument; conclusion: It is a fact that major life forms of the past are no longer living. c. Argument; conclusion: It is a fact that major life forms … represented in the past. d. Argument; conclusion: It is a fact that major life forms … previously living forms. e. Argument; conclusion: All present forms of life … forms that were different.
Answer: e. Argument; conclusion: All present forms of life … forms that were different.
Question: After Sally stopped wearing Levi jeans, she started having vision problems. Therefore, to clear up her vision problems, Sally should go back to wearing her Levi’s.
Answer Choices: a. Inductive, weak. b. Deductive, unsound. c. Inductive, strong. d. Deductive, invalid. e. Deductive, valid.
Answer: a. Inductive, weak.