Question: The ________ of urine inhibits the growth of many microbes and potential pathogens in the urinary tract.

Answer: acidity (or lower pH)

Question: ________ is the term for the muscular contractions of the digestive tract.

Answer: Peristalsis

Question: ________ is an acute-phase protein involved in the formation of blood clots that trap pathogens.

Answer: Fibrinogen

Question: ________ is when the pathogen is coated to allow it to be phagocytosed by a macrophage.

Answer: Opsonization

Question: ________ are proteins that remain after phagocytosis of a pathogen and are presented on the surface of phagocytic cells to stimulate the adaptive immune response.

Answer: Antigens

Question: ________ is the migration of leukocytes from blood vessels to tissues where pathogens are located.

Answer: Diapedesis

Question: ________ are walled-off pockets of infected tissue surrounded by leukocytes in the lung tissue.

Answer: Granulomas

Question: Match the type of infection to its proper description.
A. focal
B. local
C. secondary
D. superinfection
E. systemic

Answer Options:
i. The pathogen goes from one location to a second location.
ii. A second infection emerges due to killing of protective flora during antibiotic treatment.
iii. The pathogen spreads throughout the host.
iv. The pathogen remains in one location.
v. Another disease-causing pathogen emerges after an initial infection.

Answer: A. i, B. iv, C. v, D. ii, E. iii

Question: Match the bacterial toxin to its mechanism of action.
A. botulinum
B. cholera
C. diphtheria
D. tetanus

Answer Options:
i. inhibits host cell protein synthesis
ii. activates adenylate cyclase, resulting in higher levels of cAMP and loss of electrolytes leading to diarrhea
iii. inhibits glycine release to inhibit muscle relaxation
iv. inhibits release of acetylcholine to inhibit muscle contraction

Answer: A. iv, B. ii, C. i, D. iii

Question: Match the bacterial toxin to its mechanism of action.
A. Clostridium perfringens α toxin
B. pneumolysin
C. Shiga toxin
D. Streptococcus pyogenes mitogenic exotoxin

Answer Options:
i. inhibits host cell protein synthesis
ii. overactivates immune system, leading to inflammation and toxic shock syndrome
iii. assembles into membrane pores, resulting in cell rupturing
iv. degrades membrane phospholipids

Answer: A. iv, B. iii, C. i, D. ii

Question: ________ pathogens always cause disease.

Answer Options:
Not provided.

Answer: Primary

Question: Match the outbreak to its proper description.
A. endemic
B. epidemic
C. pandemic
D. sporadic

Answer Options:
i. A disease occurs relatively rarely, without a geographic focus.
ii. A disease produces more cases than expected within a short time in a localized area.
iii. A disease occurs at a relatively constant and often low level within a population.
iv. A disease increases in frequency worldwide.

Answer: A. iii, B. ii, C. iv, D. i

Question: Match the disease to the most appropriate description, choosing the best option for each disease to use each term once.
A. AIDS
B. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
C. influenza during most winters
D. malaria in Brazil

Answer Options:
i. endemic
ii. pandemic
iii. sporadic
iv. epidemic

Answer: A. ii, B. iii, C. iv, D. i

Question: Match the type of spread to the best description.
A. common-source spread
B. continuous-source spread
C. intermittent-source spread
D. point-source spread
E. propagated spread

Answer Options:
i. transmitted from a single source to all individuals infected
ii. transmitted from a common source that operates for longer than the incubation time for a pathogen
iii. occurs through direct or indirect person-to-person contact
iv. transmitted from a common source that operates for less than the incubation time of a pathogen
v. transmitted from a common source that operates sporadically

Answer: A. i, B. ii, C. v, D. iv, E. iii