Question: What is dystrophin?
Answer Options: It is an enzyme that is responsible for making new muscle tissue. It is a protein in muscle cells that helps the cells rebound (push out) after muscle contraction. It is a drug used to treat Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. It is the type of stem cell that goes on to form muscles in fetuses. Correct Answer: It is a protein in muscle cells that helps the cells rebound (push out) after muscle contraction.
Question: Why are females less likely than males to get Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)?
Answer Options: The dystrophin gene is on the Y-chromosome, which females do not have. One third of DMD cases are inherited from the mother, and two-thirds are caused by a new mutation in utero. DMD is caused by a recessive mutation, meaning that it is associated with the hair recession seen in male pattern baldness and other male-specific traits. Females typically have two copies of the dystrophin gene. Correct Answer: Females typically have two copies of the dystrophin gene.
Question: “An exon is a portion of a gene that encodes amino acids.” The preceding statement is…
Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: True
Question: Which of the following statements about dystrophin is true?
Answer Options: One reason that Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is as common as it is, is because the dystrophin gene is very long and thus has more space for something to go wrong. In Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, too many copies of the dystrophin protein are made. The protein that is made from the dystrophin gene is 2.4 million amino acids long. One end of the dystrophin protein binds to the cell’s nucleus. Correct Answer: One reason that Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is as common as it is, is because the dystrophin gene is very long and thus has more space for something to go wrong.
Question: Why is a frameshift mutation often much more devastating than a mutation that changes just one amino acid in a protein?
Answer Options: Frameshift mutations often cause overly long proteins to be made, which can physically clog up the inside of a cell. Frameshift mutations prevent ribosomes from binding to mRNA, and so no protein is made from that gene. Frameshift mutations typically result in proteins having the incorrect starting (first) amino acid. Frameshift mutations often result in truncated proteins being produced, because the incorrect reading frames are likely to have stop codons in them before the end of the gene. Correct Answer: Frameshift mutations often result in truncated proteins being produced, because the incorrect reading frames are likely to have stop codons in them before the end of the gene.
Question: What is a role of RNA splicing in the cell?
Answer Options: It removes introns to convert pre-mRNA to mature mRNA. It transmits messages from DNA to proteins. It acts as an innate immune response to protect us from low doses of viruses. It makes mutations that cause normal cells to become cancerous. Correct Answer: It removes introns to convert pre-mRNA to mature mRNA.
Question: Which of the following statements about Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) treatments discussed in this course is true?
Answer Options: The full-length dystrophin gene has been successfully added to the cells of over 100 girls with DMD using a virus to transmit the protein. Exon skipping therapies such as Exondys 51 are expensive, but since 95% of patients only need one dose of the drug to be cured of DMD, there are no ongoing expenses after therapy. In exon-skipping therapy, patients receive extra copies of the introns in their dystrophin gene. Micro-dystrophin is a shorter version of dystrophin that still has the normal beginning and end of the protein. Correct Answer: Micro-dystrophin is a shorter version of dystrophin that still has the normal beginning and end of the protein.
Question: Genetic information in the cell flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. At which point in the information flow does exon-skipping therapy using a molecular mask work?
Answer Options: The therapy works on DNA, by covering up the gene so that it isn’t made into an mRNA. The therapy works on pre-mRNA and affects RNA splicing. The therapy works after proteins are made, to remove specific amino acids. The therapy alters the DNA sequence, which is why it is a permanent therapy. Correct Answer: The therapy works on pre-mRNA and affects RNA splicing.
Question: What is one problem with using genetic therapies to treat Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and other diseases, as discussed in this course?
Answer Options: Some genetic therapies are delivered to cells by viruses, which can trigger a sometimes-deadly immune response in patients. They are not profitable treatments, so there are no companies pursuing these treatments at this time. There are very few doctors willing to use genetic therapies, because of the ethical issues with using stem cells in this way. Using CRISPR to edit a defective gene would create a permanent change, meaning that all the patient’s children would get the disease. Correct Answer: Some genetic therapies are delivered to cells by viruses, which can trigger a sometimes-deadly immune response in patients.
Question: “CRISPR has been used in thousands of boys, to treat their DMD.” The preceding statement is…
Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: False
Question: A patient should be considered for involuntary commitment for psychiatric care when demonstrating what behavior? a. Nonadherent with the treatment regimen. b. Sells and distributes illegal drugs. c. Threatens to harm self and others. d. Fraudulently files for bankruptcy.
A patient should be considered for involuntary commitment for psychiatric care when demonstrating what behavior? a. Nonadherent with the treatment regimen. b. Sells and distributes illegal drugs. c. Threatens to harm self and others. d. Fraudulently files for bankruptcy. Correct Answer c. Threatens to harm self and others.
Question: A nurse at the mental health center prepares to administer a scheduled injection of haloperidol decanoate to a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. As the nurse swabs the site, the patient shouts, “Stop! I don’t want to take that medicine anymore. I hate the side effects.” Select the nurse’s best initial action.
A nurse at the mental health center prepares to administer a scheduled injection of haloperidol decanoate to a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. As the nurse swabs the site, the patient shouts, “Stop! I don’t want to take that medicine anymore. I hate the side effects.” Select the nurse’s best initial action. a. Stop the medication administration procedure and say to the patient, “Tell me more about the side effects you’ve been having.” b. Say to the patient, “Since I’ve already drawn the medication in the syringe, I’m required to give it, but let’s talk to the doctor about skipping next month’s dose.” c. Proceed with the injection but explain to the patient that other medications are available that may help reduce the unpleasant side effects. d. Notify other staff members to report to the room for a show of force and proceed with the injection, using restraint if necessary. Correct Answer a. Stop the medication administration procedure and say to the patient, “Tell me more about the side effects you’ve been having.”
Question: Individual nurses must always maintain high ethical standards, even in face of conflicting agency directives. Which statement is correct? a. The policies do not absolve an individual nurse of the responsibility to practice according to the professional standards established by a health care agency or state.
Individual nurses must always maintain high ethical standards, even in face of conflicting agency directives. Which statement is correct? a. The policies do not absolve an individual nurse of the responsibility to practice according to the professional standards established by a health care agency or state. b. Agency policies are the legal standard by which a professional nurse must act and therefore override other standards of care. c. In an institution with substandard policies, the nurse has a responsibility to inform the supervisor and leave the premises. d. Interpretation of policies by the judicial system is rendered on an individual basis and therefore cannot be predicted. Correct Answer a. The policies do not absolve an individual nurse of the responsibility to practice according to the professional standards established by a health care agency or state.