Question: “Egg cells used in SCNT supply the mitochondria for the clone.” The preceding statement is…
Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: True
Question: Which of the following are reasons that cloned animals might not be identical (in appearance or personality) to their ‘parent’? Select ALL that apply.
Answer Options: They have different mitochondrial DNA Behavior and personality are influenced by the way the animal is raised, not just their genes The clones might be larger, due to “large offspring syndrome” Epigenetic changes to DNA Correct Answer: They have different mitochondrial DNA Behavior and personality are influenced by the way the animal is raised, not just their genes The clones might be larger, due to “large offspring syndrome” Epigenetic changes to DNA
Question: “Sooam Biotech’s cloning process is successful about 90% of the time.” The preceding statement is…
Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: False
Question: Which of the following is NOT a concern raised in the article on cloning dogs?
Answer Options: The dogs that serve as egg donors and surrogates have to undergo surgery to allow Sooam workers to harvest the eggs and insert the embryos. Sooam Biotech does not disclose how successful their cloning process is. The scientist who started the dog cloning lab has previously been accused of scientific fraud. The dogs that serve as surrogate mothers are not allowed to nurse the cloned puppies after they are born. Correct Answer: The dogs that serve as surrogate mothers are not allowed to nurse the cloned puppies after they are born.
Question: What are reasons that people use reproductive cloning? Select ALL that apply.
Answer Options: To preserve high-value livestock, such as those that are naturally high-producing or disease resistant. To make copies of endangered animals, to boost their population size. To restore the genetic breeding potential of castrated or sterile animals. To get embryonic stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the somatic cell donor. Correct Answer: To preserve high-value livestock, such as those that are naturally high-producing or disease resistant. To make copies of endangered animals, to boost their population size. To restore the genetic breeding potential of castrated or sterile animals.
Question: Reproductive cloning is not perfect – the offspring are not identical in every way to their genetic ‘parent’ (the animal of which they are a clone) and there are ethical issues with animal cloning. What is one reason for this that was discussed in this course?
Answer Options: For every successful cloning event, there are often many embryos that were created at the same time that do not go on to produce a viable (living) baby animal, which raises an ethical issue for some people. Male clones are not always identical in appearance to their genetic ‘parent’ because of gene inactivation on their Y chromosome. Only ‘friendly’ animals should be cloned, because the clones inherit their personality entirely through the genes of the adult animal being cloned. Correct Answer: For every successful cloning event, there are often many embryos that were created at the same time that do not go on to produce a viable (living) baby animal, which raises an ethical issue for some people.
Question: What impact does epigenetics have on reproductive cloning?
Answer Options: Epigenetics makes reproductive cloning more risky, because it makes embryonic cells more likely to divide additional times, leading to twins or triplets during the surrogate pregnancy. Epigenetic changes can occur in each organism’s lifetime and lead to differences in how often and when a gene is ‘read’ by the cell to make proteins. This means that a clone might not use its genes in the same way as its genetic parent. None – the epigenetic changes get passed on with the nuclear DNA. Clones have the exact same epigenetic changes as the animal that donated the egg, which could be different to those in the genetic donor or surrogate and thus could cause problems during pregnancy. Correct Answer: Epigenetic changes can occur in each organism’s lifetime and lead to differences in how often and when a gene is ‘read’ by the cell to make proteins. This means that a clone might not use its genes in the same way as its genetic parent.
Question: Which of the following is a problem related to cloning endangered and/or extinct animals, as discussed in this course?
Answer Options: The United States Environmental Protection Agency has stated that they will not put de-extincted animals (those brought back from extinction) on the endangered species list to protect them. Endangered animals are genetically fragile, so their DNA does not tolerate the reproductive cloning process well. For a cloning attempt to be successful, it is best to use an egg from an animal of the same species as the one being cloned, and there may not be an egg donor available. For a cloning to be successful, it is best to use a surrogate animal of a related species that’s a lot larger than the animal being cloned, to make sure they have space for the larger-than-usual clones. However, the endangered/extinct animals don’t always have a larger relative. Correct Answer: For a cloning attempt to be successful, it is best to use an egg from an animal of the same species as the one being cloned, and there may not be an egg donor available.
Question: “We inherit our mitochondria from our moms only, through the egg cell.” The preceding statement is…
Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: True
Question: Which of the following are reasons that cloned animals might not be identical (in appearance or personality) to their ‘parent’? Select ALL that apply.
Answer Options: They have different mitochondrial DNA The way they are raised (“nurtured”) X-chromosome inactivation Epigenetic changes Correct Answer: They have different mitochondrial DNA The way they are raised (“nurtured”) Epigenetic changes
Question: “Sooam Biotech’s cloning process is successful about 90% of the time.” The preceding statement is…
Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: False
Question: Which of the following is NOT a concern raised in the article on cloning dogs?
Answer Options: Sooam Biotech does not disclose what happens to the egg donors and surrogate dogs after they have served their purpose. The scientist who started the dog cloning lab has previously been accused of scientific fraud. The dogs that serve as surrogate mothers are not allowed to nurse the cloned puppies after they are born. The dogs that serve as egg donors and surrogates have to undergo surgery to allow Sooam workers to harvest the eggs and insert the embryos. Correct Answer: The dogs that serve as surrogate mothers are not allowed to nurse the cloned puppies after they are born.
Question: Which of the following is NOT a purpose people have successfully used reproductive cloning for, as discussed in this course?
Answer Options: To make a string (team) of polo ponies that are genetically identical to a successful polo pony. To make clones of farm animals that have a natural resistance to diseases. To bring an animal species back from extinction. To make copies of cats, dogs, and horses for members of the public who can afford it. Correct Answer: To make a string (team) of polo ponies that are genetically identical to a successful polo pony.
Question: Reproductive cloning is not perfect – the offspring are not identical in every way to their genetic ‘parent’ (the animal of which they are a clone) and there are ethical issues with animal cloning. What is one reason for this that was discussed in this course?
Answer Options: Many animal clones are larger and healthier than their genetic ‘parent’. Epigenetics is not the only determinant of an animal’s personality and behavior – the way an animal is raised influences their behavior and so a clone will not always act the same as their parent. During gestation, many cloned embryos naturally split, creating twins. The high percentage of twin fetuses can complicate pregnancy for the surrogate. Correct Answer: Epigenetics is not the only determinant of an animal’s personality and behavior – the way an animal is raised influences their behavior and so a clone will not always act the same as their parent.
Question: Epigenetic processes can make certain types of changes to our DNA. How do these epigenetic processes affect reproductive cloning?
Answer Options: It doesn’t – because reproductive clones are genetically identical to their ‘parent’, there are no epigenetic (or other) differences in their DNA. For the surrogate pregnancy to be successful, the surrogate and the embryonic clone must have the same epigenetic changes. Epigenetic changes affect the sequence of our DNA, which can make a clone non-identical genetically to its ‘parent’. Epigenetic studies have shown that the chemical appearance of a person’s DNA can be altered by exposure to things in their environment as they grow up, and those conditions are typically different in the animal being cloned and the clone that is made. Correct Answer: Epigenetic studies have shown that the chemical appearance of a person’s DNA can be altered by exposure to things in their environment as they grow up, and those conditions are typically different in the animal being cloned and the clone that is made.
Question: Which of the following is a problem related to cloning endangered and/or extinct animals, as discussed in this course?
Answer Options: Even if the cloning is successful, it will be hard to reestablish a population of an animal that went or is going extinct due to habitat loss, if that habitat has not been restored. For reproductive cloning, there needs to be both a male and female animal of breeding age available to create the embryo. People are not interested in trying to prevent extinction of animals or to bring back extinct animals. Most endangered animals are primates, which have not yet been successfully cloned. Correct Answer: Even if the cloning is successful, it will be hard to reestablish a population of an animal that went or is going extinct due to habitat loss, if that habitat has not been restored.
Question: Some animals have been genetically engineered to try to solve a perceived problem. Which of the following animals did you learn about in this part of the course?
Answer Options: Mice that have been genetically engineered to produce cancer-fighting drugs in their urine. Pigs that are genetically engineered to make their organs more suitable for transplantation into humans. Cats that have been genetically engineered so that their fur/hair does not cause them to get hairballs. Rabbits that have been genetically engineered to make human insulin in their milk. Correct Answer: Pigs that are genetically engineered to make their organs more suitable for transplantation into humans.
Question: “There are examples of pharmaceuticals produced in animal milk via biopharming that have been approved by regulatory agencies for use in humans.” The preceding statement is…
Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: True
Question: How is the active ingredient in ATryn made?
Answer Options: It is made by rabbits that have been genetically engineered to produce it in their milk. It is made by goats that have been genetically engineered to produce it in their milk. It is made by pregnant female horses that have been genetically engineered to produce it in their urine. It is extracted from human plasma (a component of blood). Correct Answer: It is made by goats that have been genetically engineered to produce it in their milk.