Question: Ashley does most of her driving on city streets and freeways, whereas Morgan drives mostly on country roads. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: B) Weakens

Question: Morgan changes her conclusion to state that she will get at least 45,000 miles of use. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: A) Strengthens

Question: Morgan discovers 6 acquaintances who bought Goodmonth XK-1 tires. All drive different model cars. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: A) Strengthens

Question: When we say that applying a force to the end of a coil spring causes the spring to stretch, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a: a. Necessary but not a sufficient condition. b. Necessary and a sufficient condition. c. Sufficient but not a necessary condition. d. Relative but not an absolute condition. e. Relative and an absolute condition.

Answer Options:
A) Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
B) Necessary and a sufficient condition.
C) Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
D) Relative but not an absolute condition.
E) Relative and an absolute condition.

Answer: B) Necessary and a sufficient condition.

Question: Morgan discovers 6 acquaintances who bought Goodmonth XK-1 tires. All got 50,000 miles of use. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: A) Strengthens

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 1A? a. D is a sufficient but not necessary condition for the phenomenon. b. A is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. d. E is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the phenomenon. e. C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) D is a sufficient but not necessary condition for the phenomenon.
B) A is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
D) E is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
E) C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: E) C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Question: Morgan discovers 6 acquaintances who bought Goodmonth XK-1 tires. All drive cars equipped with CD changers. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: C) Has no effect

Question: When we say that stubbing your toe causes you to feel pain, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a: a. Relative and an absolute condition. b. Necessary and a sufficient condition. c. Sufficient but not a necessary condition. d. Relative but not an absolute condition. e. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.

Answer Options:
A) Relative and an absolute condition.
B) Necessary and a sufficient condition.
C) Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
D) Relative but not an absolute condition.
E) Necessary but not a sufficient condition.

Answer: C) Sufficient but not a necessary condition.

Question: Goodmonth recently hired a new Chief Financial Officer. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: C) Has no effect

Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 1A? a. The method of concomitant variation. b. The joint method of agreement and difference. c. The method of difference. d. An unnamed method. e. The method of agreement.

Answer Options:
A) The method of concomitant variation.
B) The joint method of agreement and difference.
C) The method of difference.
D) An unnamed method.
E) The method of agreement.

Answer: D) An unnamed method. Section 2

Question: Morgan discovers 6 acquaintances who bought Goodmonth XK-1 tires. All drive conservatively. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: B) Weakens

Question: Morgan and Ashley drive the same model car. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: A) Strengthens

Question: Morgan’s car is blue, but Ashley’s is silver-colored. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: C) Has no effect

Question: Morgan drives aggressively, but Ashley drives conservatively. a. Strengthens. b. Weakens. c. Has no effect.

Answer Options:
A) Strengthens.
B) Weakens.
C) Has no effect.

Answer: B) Weakens

Question: When we say that electrically charged particles in the atmosphere cause lightning, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a: a. Necessary but not a sufficient condition. b. Necessary and a sufficient condition. c. Relative and an absolute condition. d. Relative but not an absolute condition. e. Sufficient but not a necessary condition.

Answer Options:
A) Necessary but not a sufficient condition.
B) Necessary and a sufficient condition.
C) Relative and an absolute condition.
D) Relative but not an absolute condition.
E) Sufficient but not a necessary condition.

Answer: A) Necessary but not a sufficient condition.