Question: Which of the following are all deductive arguments?
Answer Choices: a. Arguments from analogy, arguments based on signs, causal inferences. b. Arguments from analogy, predictions, causal inferences. c. Predictions, hypothetical syllogisms, arguments from authority. d. Arguments based in mathematics, hypothetical syllogisms, generalizations. e. Categorical syllogisms, arguments from definition, disjunctive syllogisms.
Answer: e. Categorical syllogisms, arguments from definition, disjunctive syllogisms.
Question: An argument that concludes something is true because somebody has said so is:
Answer Choices: a. A deductive argument. b. An inductive argument. c. A strong argument. d. A valid argument. e. A sound argument.
Answer: b. An inductive argument.
Question: An argument whose conclusion rests on the definition of a word used in the premises is:
Answer Choices: [Not visible in source]
Answer: A deductive argument.
Question: In the expression “Barack Obama was elected president because he capitalized on a bad economy,” the statement “He capitalized on a bad economy” is called the:
Answer Choices: a. Premise. b. Consequent. c. Explanans. d. Conclusion. e. Explanandum.
Answer: c. Explanans.
Question: In the expression “If North Korea has nuclear weapons, then it poses a threat to world peace,” the statement “It poses a threat to world peace” is called the:
Answer Choices: a. Conditional. b. Consequent. c. Antecedent. d. Explanandum. e. Conclusion.
Answer: b. Consequent.
Question: Which of the following is a necessary condition for going for a swim?
Answer Choices: a. Treading water. b. Doing the breaststroke. c. Holding your breath. d. Getting into the water. e. Doing the backstroke.
Answer: d. Getting into the water.
Question: Which of the following is a sufficient condition for making ice from fresh water?
Answer Choices: a. Putting the water outside in the cold. b. Putting the water into the freezer. c. Pouring the water into an ice cube tray. d. Lowering the temperature of the water below 40° F. e. Lowering the temperature of the water to 20° F.
Answer: b. Putting the water into the freezer.
Question: If a deductive argument has false premises and a false conclusion, then we know:
Answer Choices: a. Nothing as such about the argument’s validity. b. The argument is invalid. c. The argument is valid. d. The argument is weak. e. The argument is uncogent.
Answer: a. Nothing as such about the argument’s validity.
Question: All spies are covert operators, so all covert operators are risk takers, for all spies are risk takers. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument?
Answer Choices: a. All C are R. All S are R. All S are C. b. If S then R. If S then C. If C then R. c. All S are C. All C are R. All S are R. d. All S are C. All C are R. All S are R. e. All C are S. All R are S. All C are R.
Answer: c. All S are C. All C are R. All S are R.
Question: Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
Answer Choices: a. C = cats, S = dogs, R = animals. b. S = fish, R = mammals, C = animals. c. S = dogs, C = mammals, R = animals. d. R = dogs, C = cats, S = animals. e. S = cats, C = animals, R = mammals.
Answer: Part A: c Part B: e
Question: If deficits increase then the economy will stagnate. Thus, if deficits increase, then interest rates will rise, because if interest rates rise, then the economy will stagnate. Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument?
Answer Choices: a. If D then E. If D then I. If E then I. b. If D then E. If I then E. If D then E. c. If D then I. If D then E. If E then I. d. If D then E. If E then I. If D then I. e. If D then E. If I then E. If D then I.
Answer: e. If D then E. If I then E. If D then I.
Question: Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
Answer Choices: a. D = Tom Hanks is a man, E = Tom Hanks is a human, I = Tom Hanks is a woman. b. D = dogs, I = mammals, E = animals. c. D = Bob is a physician, E = Bob is a professional, I = Bob is a doctor. d. D = dogs, E = animals, I = cats. e. D = Halle Berry is an actor, E = Halle Berry is a woman, I = Halle Berry is a human.
Answer: Part A: e Part B: a
Question: Decide whether the statement below makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain. In my experimental study, I used a sample that was larger than the population.
Answer Choices: a. Yes, the statement makes sense. A sample can be as large as desired. b. No, the statement does not make sense. A sample is a subset of the population and cannot be larger than the population. c. Yes, the statement makes sense. A sample is always larger than the population. d. No, the statement does not make sense. The sample size should always equal the population.
Answer: b. No, the statement does not make sense. A sample is a subset of the population and cannot be larger than the population.
Question: Decide whether the following statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Explain your reasoning. The pre-election poll found that a candidate would get 57% of the vote, with a margin of error of 2%, but he still lost the election.
Answer Choices: a. The statement makes sense. We can only be 95% confident that the actual percentage of people who vote for this candidate is between 55% and 59%. There is still a chance that the actual percentage is less than 50%. b. The statement makes sense. The actual percentage of people who vote for this candidate is guaranteed to be between 51% and 63%. c. The statement does not make sense. The actual percentage of people who vote for this candidate is guaranteed to be between 55% and 59%. d. The statement does not make sense. We are 95% confident that the actual percentage of people who vote for this candidate is between 55% and 59%. It is highly unlikely that the actual percentage is less than 50%.
Answer: a. The statement makes sense. We can only be 95% confident that the actual percentage of people who vote for this candidate is between 55% and 59%. There is still a chance that the actual percentage is less than 50%.
Question: In order to gauge public opinion about how to handle Iran’s growing nuclear program, a research group surveyed 992 American men by telephone and asked them to rate the threat Iran’s nuclear program poses to the world on a scale of 1 to 10. Describe the population, sample, population parameters, and sample statistics. Identify the population in the given problem. Choose the correct answer below.
Answer Choices: a. The 992 American men surveyed by telephone b. Some of the 992 American men surveyed by telephone c. All American men d. Half of all American men
Answer: c. All American men