Question: What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone?

Answer Choices:

A. Empiricism
B. Rationalism
C. Positivism
D. Materialism

Answer: B – Rationalism

 

Question: Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?

Answer Choices:

A. Empiricists used induction via a “bottom-up” approach; rationalists used deduction via a “top-down” approach.
B. Empiricists used induction via a “top-down” approach; rationalists used deduction via a “bottom-up” approach.
C. Empiricists used deduction via a “top-down” approach; rationalists used induction via a “bottom-up” approach.
D. Empiricists used deduction via a “bottom-up” approach; rationalists used induction via a “top-down” approach.

Answer: A – Empiricists used induction via a “bottom-up” approach; rationalists used deduction via a “top-down” approach.

 

Question: According to Spinoza, we find pleasure when we:

Answer Choices:

A. perform altruistic acts
B. find clear ideas
C. act in accordance with God
D. pursue passions

Answer: B – find clear ideas

 

Question: According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from:

Answer Choices:

A. notions of good and evil
B. experiences of pleasure and pain
C. passions
D. love and lust

Answer: B – experiences of pleasure and pain

 

Question: According to Spinoza, behavior and thoughts guided by _____ are conducive to survival, but behavior and thoughts guided by _____ are not.

Answer Choices:

A. clear thinking; emotion
B. reason; clear thinking
C. faith; reason
D. reason; passion

Answer: D – reason; passion

 

Question: Spinoza’s concept of _____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud’s psychoanalysis.

Answer Choices:

A. emotion
B. reason
C. conatus
D. passion

Answer: C – conatus

 

Question: According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for:

Answer Choices:

A. mathematical knowledge
B. the mind itself
C. what God has revealed
D. the knowledge of moral principles

Answer: B – the mind itself

 

Question: For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it:

Answer Choices:

A. produces the ideas that exist in the mind
B. provides the pleasurable and painful experiences that guide our behavior
C. allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized
D. provides another way of knowing God

Answer: C – allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized

 

Question: On the mind-body issue, Leibniz believed that they never influence each other; it only seems as if they do. This is called:

Answer Choices:

A. psychophysical parallelism
B. epiphenomenalism
C. interactionism
D. occasionalism

Answer: A – psychophysical parallelism

 

Question: According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always:

Answer Choices:

A. combines primary and secondary qualities
B. reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences
C. involves a home experience
D. elicits either a feeling of pleasure or pain

Answer: B – reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences

 

Question: Leibniz’s term for awareness was:

Answer Choices:

A. petit perception
B. limen
C. apperception

Answer: C – apperception

 

Question: According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:

Answer Choices:

A. of the existence of the senses
B. it made common sense to do so
C. Hume’s logic was faulty
D. each notion was innate

Answer: B – it made common sense to do so

 

Question: Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the views of faculty psychologists?

Answer Choices:

A. Faculty psychologists are those who refer to various mental abilities in their descriptions of the mind.
B. Faculty psychologists refer to faculty as classification categories.
C. Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is based in a specific location in the brain.
D. Faculty psychologists believe that mental faculties are active powers of the mind.

Answer: C – Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is based in a specific location in the brain.

 

Question: Kant stated that a mind without concepts would:

Answer Choices:

A. have no capacity to think
B. be lost without sensory data
C. be lost without empirical data
D. not be able to see the world at all

Answer: A – have no capacity to think

 

Question: Kant agreed with Hume that:

Answer Choices:

A. we can never experience the physical world directly
B. humans have no notion of causation
C. all knowledge is derived from sensory experience alone
D. some truths are based on subjective experience

Answer: A – we can never experience the physical world directly

 

Question: According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from:

Answer Choices:

A. sensory experience alone
B. innate ideas
C. categories of thought alone
D. the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

Answer: D – the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

 

Question: Kant believed that the categories of thought are:

Answer Choices:

A. relatively unimportant
B. derived from experience
C. innate
D. present everywhere in nature

Answer: C – innate

 

Question: Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior:

Answer Choices:

A. hedonism
B. the categorical imperative
C. utilitarianism
D. formal discipline

Answer: B – the categorical imperative

 

Question: Kant believed:

Answer Choices:

A. that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on empirical research
B. that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on the categories of thought
C. psychology should be studied scientifically through introspection

Answer: A – that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on empirical research

 

Question: As a discipline that Kant called _____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and the production and control of human behavior.

Answer Choices:

A. philosophy
B. anthropology
C. monadology
D. direct realism

Answer: B – anthropology