Question: Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented?

Answer Choices:

A. Radical behaviorism is as popular today as it has ever been.
B. The most popular model of human behavior today is in fact the computer model.
C. With only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented.
D. The study of cognitive processes has in fact been steadily losing popularity.

Answer: C – With only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented.

 

Question: Cybernetics:

Answer Choices:

A. is the study of methodological motivational systems in humans
B. is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems
C. suggests that self-feedback is not possible for mechanical systems
D. suggests that the study of goal-directed behavior must be subjective

Answer: B – is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems

 

Question: Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt?

Answer Choices:

A. Bartlett
B. Ebbinghaus
C. Piaget
D. Wiener

Answer: C – Piaget

 

Question: Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:

Answer Choices:

A. memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas
B. memories of details remain relatively unchanged throughout one’s lifetime
C. information is stored in a serial fashion
D. memory is greatly influenced by laws of association

Answer: A – memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas

 

Question: Jean Piaget’s major contribution to the field of psychology was:

Answer Choices:

A. creating the foundations for neural networks
B. creating a cognitive revolution through psycholinguistics
C. suggesting that computer programs can simulate but not duplicate human thought
D. characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience

Answer: D – characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience

 

Question: Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:

Answer Choices:

A. language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles
B. learned behavior is eventually displaced by instinctual behavior
C. some associations are more easily learned than others
D. language is explained in the same way as any other form of learned behavior

Answer: A – language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles

 

Question: Cognitive dissonance exists when a person:

Answer Choices:

A. has incompatible ideas that motivate him or her to change beliefs or behavior
B. has compatible ideas that motivate him/her to change beliefs or behavior
C. is motivated by introspection to change their thinking about something
D. is trying to stop engaging in behavior that is destructive

Answer: A – has incompatible ideas that motivate him or her to change beliefs or behavior

 

Question: In the 1930’s and 1940’s, Hull and Tolman postulated intervening variables. For Hull, these variables were ____; for Tolman, they were ____.

Answer Choices:

A. mainly cognitive; also mainly cognitive
B. mainly physiological; mainly affective
C. mainly physiological; mainly cognitive
D. mainly affective; mainly cognitive

Answer: C – mainly physiological; mainly cognitive

 

Question: According to the Turing test:

Answer Choices:

A. when a human can solve a computational problem as well as a computer, the human can be considered intelligent
B. if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think
C. a computer must score at least 1000 on an IQ test in order to be considered intelligent
D. it must be demonstrated that a computer understands what it is doing before it can be said to think

Answer: B – if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think

 

Question: Searle concluded which of the following?

Answer Choices:

A. Computers have semantics but not syntax.
B. Computers cannot display intentionality.
C. Computers cannot simulate human cognitive abilities.
D. A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think.

Answer: D – A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think.

 

Question: The founder of artificial intelligence was:

Answer Choices:

A. Turing
B. Hebb
C. Searle
D. Fetzer

Answer: A – Turing

 

Question: According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other.

Answer Choices:

A. Skinner
B. Piaget
C. James
D. Descartes

Answer: C – James

 

Question: There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the following?

Answer Choices:

A. sensationalism
B. radical behaviorism
C. dualism
D. Gestalt psychology

Answer: D – Gestalt psychology

 

Question: According to your text, the mind-body problem:

Answer Choices:

A. can be solved by linking cognitive events with neurophysiological changes
B. is a relatively small question for contemporary cognitive psychology
C. remains one of psychology’s persistent problems
D. is mainly considered problematic from the radical behaviorist perspective

Answer: C – remains one of psychology’s persistent problems

 

Question: The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by:

Answer Choices:

A. denying the existence of a causal mind
B. changing the issue to a mind-brain problem
C. accepting epiphenomenalism
D. accepting interactionism

Answer: A – denying the existence of a causal mind

 

Question: Hebb’s rule states that:

Answer Choices:

A. scientific explanations should always be as parsimonious as possible
B. the knowledge sought by scientists should always have practical value
C. if neurons are simultaneously active, the strength of their connections increases
D. computers can only simulate human cognitive processes, but not duplicate them

Answer: C – if neurons are simultaneously active, the strength of their connections increases

 

Question: Within a neural network model, learning is explained in terms of changing patterns of:

Answer Choices:

A. parallel distributed processing
B. if-then statements
C. excitation and inhibition
D. mathematical weights

Answer: C – excitation and inhibition

 

Question: Which of the following is true of neural networks?

Answer Choices:

A. They process information one sequence at a time.
B. They store and retrieve symbolic representations.
C. They process several sequences of information simultaneously.
D. They are incapable of learning.

Answer: C – They process several sequences of information simultaneously.

 

Question: Perhaps the closest psychology has ever come to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during:

Answer Choices:

A. the Middle Ages
B. the Enlightenment
C. the period of early American psychology
D. the early twentieth century

Answer: C – the period of early American psychology

 

Question: The tension between pure, scientific psychology and applied psychology:

Answer Choices:

A. is a recent phenomenon
B. has always been a minor issue
C. was once intense but no longer exists
D. characterized psychology from its very inception and continues to do so

Answer: D – characterized psychology from its very inception and continues to do so