Question: All of the below are ways of finding an archaeological site. Which is the most common way sites are found in the U.S.? • historical evidence or oral history • development and construction projects • by accident • something on the ground surface

Answer Options:
A) historical evidence or oral history
B) development and construction projects
C) by accident
D) something on the ground surface

Answer: B) development and construction projects

Question: Pseudoarcheology relies on the premise that people of the past did not have the knowledge, technology, and/or capability to achieve all that they are said to have accomplished, so someone or something else was involved. This is dangerous heavily biased against Black people, Indigenous peoples, and other people of color (BIPOC). • True • False

Answer Options:
A) True
B) False

Answer: A) True

Question: Probable adaptive advantages of bipedalism do NOT include that bipedalism • increased hominins ability to brachiate through trees and thus escape from predators. • helped hominins survive in open savanna environments. • allowed hominins to carry things to a home base. • helped to reduce exposure to solar radiation • helped to reduce exposure to solar radiation

Answer Options:
A) increased hominins ability to brachiate through trees and thus escape from predators
B) helped hominins survive in open savanna environments
C) allowed hominins to carry things to a home base
D) helped to reduce exposure to solar radiation
E) helped to reduce exposure to solar radiation

Answer: A) increased hominins ability to brachiate through trees and thus escape from predators

Question: H. erectus is generally associated with which of the following tool tradition? • Neolithic • Mousterian • Upper Paleolithic • Acheulean • Oldowan

Answer Options:
A) Neolithic
B) Mousterian
C) Upper Paleolithic
D) Acheulean
E) Oldowan

Answer: D) Acheulean

Question: A characteristic trend in hominin evolution has been an increase in brain size, especially with the advent of the genus Homo. • True • False

Answer Options:
A) True
B) False

Answer: A) True

Question: Which of the following is NOT a key attribute used to differentiate early hominins from the apes? • teeth • brain size • opposable thumbs • bipedalism • tool use

Answer Options:
A) teeth
B) brain size
C) opposable thumbs
D) bipedalism
E) tool use

Answer: C) opposable thumbs

Question: Which of the following is evidence of robust and boisei adaptation to eating hard-shelled seeds and grasses? • the presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull • bipedalism, providing the mobility necessary to gather food in open grasslands • fine finger bones and a large mandible • a small but flexible masseter muscle and an enlarged occipital bun • massive fossilized temporalis muscles

Answer Options:
A) the presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull
B) bipedalism, providing the mobility necessary to gather food in open grasslands
C) fine finger bones and a large mandible
D) a small but flexible masseter muscle and an enlarged occipital bun
E) massive fossilized temporalis muscles

Answer: A) the presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull

Question: Sahelanthropus tchadensis, or Toumai, found in Chad __ • indicates hominin evolution was not confined to East Africa’s Rift Valley • is the missing link that paleoanthropologists have been looking for • indicates hominin evolution was confined to East Africa’s Rift Valley • that it lived at the same time as Homo erectus.

Answer Options:
A) indicates hominin evolution was not confined to East Africa’s Rift Valley
B) is the missing link that paleoanthropologists have been looking for
C) indicates hominin evolution was confined to East Africa’s Rift Valley
D) that it lived at the same time as Homo erectus

Answer: A) indicates hominin evolution was not confined to East Africa’s Rift Valley

Question: Which of the following was a key obstacle that hominins’ increase in brain size? • overcoming the trend of ever more self-sufficient children eager to separate themselves from their mothers • overcoming the trend of clumsy locomotion that makes hominins vulnerable to predators the challenges of walking with a head that is too heavy • larger skulls demanding larger birth canals, even though the requirements of upright bipedalism impose limits on the expansion of the human pelvic opening

Answer Options:
A) overcoming the trend of ever more self-sufficient children eager to separate themselves from their mothers
B) overcoming the trend of clumsy locomotion that makes hominins vulnerable to predators the challenges of walking with a head that is too heavy
C) larger skulls demanding larger birth canals, even though the requirements of upright bipedalism impose limits on the expansion of the human pelvic opening

Answer: C) larger skulls demanding larger birth canals, even though the requirements of upright bipedalism impose limits on the expansion of the human pelvic opening

Question: When discussing human evolution, it is important to remember which of the following key points: • evolution is not about progress, it is about adaptation and survival • evolution does not follow a straight line, there are overlaps, starts, and stops • humans did not evolve from chimpanzees • we have not recovered one hundred percent of the fossil record • all of the above

Answer Options:
A) evolution is not about progress, it is about adaptation and survival
B) evolution does not follow a straight line, there are overlaps, starts, and stops
C) humans did not evolve from chimpanzees
D) we have not recovered one hundred percent of the fossil record
E) all of the above

Answer: E) all of the above

Question: Which of the following is NOT associated with H. erectus? • cave painting • the development of Acheulean tools • increasing brain size • the use of fire

Answer Options:
A) cave painting
B) the development of Acheulean tools
C) increasing brain size
D) the use of fire

Answer: A) cave painting

Question: Biological and cultural changes enabled H. erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy—gathering and hunting. This in turn was crucial for H. erectus to • diminish the rate of mortalities due to violent encounters with large animals and other hominins. • bring about the onset of complex language. • beat out H. habilis in competition for key ecological niches. • push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe.

Answer Options:
A) diminish the rate of mortalities due to violent encounters with large animals and other hominins
B) bring about the onset of complex language
C) beat out H. habilis in competition for key ecological niches
D) push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe

Answer: D) push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe

Question: Which of the following features belonging to Au. afarensis, which is evidence of its adaptation to bipedal locomotion? • the position of its foramen magnum underneath the skull • its cranial capacity • its relatively large grinding surfaces on the back teeth, compared to earlier primate fossils • the presence of crude stone tools • the development of an opposable thumb

Answer Options:
A) the position of its foramen magnum underneath the skull
B) its cranial capacity
C) its relatively large grinding surfaces on the back teeth, compared to earlier primate fossils
D) the presence of crude stone tools
E) the development of an opposable thumb

Answer: A) the position of its foramen magnum underneath the skull