Question: Paramyxoviruses evade the host immune system by _______.
Answer Options:
a. entering new cells by inducing syncytia formation, b. a display of host antigens on its surface, c. infecting only red blood cells, d. producing an inhibitor specific for lymphocyte receptors
Answer: a. entering new cells by inducing syncytia formation
Question: Cells of the immune system are not found in which of the following tissues in the gastrointestinal tract?
Answer Options:
a. Tooth enamel, b. Appendix, c. Tonsils and adenoids, d. Peyer’s patches
Answer: a. Tooth enamel
Question: Which of the following statements about parasitic helminths is incorrect?
Answer Options:
a. They are multicellular animals., b. They have larval forms that do not affect humans., c. They include roundworms and tapeworms., d. They have a definitive host in which the adult form lives.
Answer: b. They have larval forms that do not affect humans.
Question: Which of the following statements is true regarding the male urethral biota?
Answer Options:
a. The urethral biota varies with sexual activity of the male., b. The urethral biota in the male is exactly the same biota as in the female urethra., c. There are no resident biota in the urethra., d. The urethral biota is the same as the anal biota.
Answer: a. The urethral biota varies with sexual activity of the male.
Question: The chancre of syphilis _______.
Answer Options:
a. occurs during the tertiary stage, b. is very painful, c. develops into a lesion with firm margins and an ulcerated central crater, d. occurs due to small hemorrhaging of capillaries
Answer: c. develops into a lesion with firm margins and an ulcerated central crater
Question: Which of the following is not a defense of the genitourinary tract?
Answer Options:
a. IgG, b. Flushing action of urine, c. Lysozyme, d. IgA, e. Mucus secretions
Answer: a. IgG
Question: The latency period of syphilis is ______.
Answer Options:
a. 3 to 6 months, b. 1 year, c. 10 years, d. 20 years or longer
Answer: c. 10 years
Question: Which of the following statements regarding the infection of root hairs by Rhizobium species is incorrect?
Answer Options:
a. The presence of Rhizobium triggers the formation of syncytial cells., b. This is a mutualistic relationship between plant and bacteria., c. Nodules begin to form in the roots as both plant and bacterial partners differentiate., d. Attachment of Rhizobium cells to plant root hair cells induce curling of the root hair.
Answer: a. The presence of Rhizobium triggers the formation of syncytial cells.
Question: Organisms that inhabit soil or water and breakdown and absorb the organic matter of dead organisms are called ______.
Answer Options:
a. secondary consumers, b. primary consumers, c. autotrophs, d. decomposers
Answer: d. decomposers
Question: A Paramecium is an example of a ______.
Answer Options:
a. quaternary consumer, b. tertiary consumer, c. secondary consumer, d. primary producer, e. primary consumer
Answer: e. primary consumer
Question: Heterotrophs include _______.
Answer Options:
a. producers and consumers, b. producers, consumers, and decomposers, c. producers only, d. consumers only, e. consumers and decomposers
Answer: e. consumers and decomposers
Question: Plastic marine debris was collected from multiple sites in the ocean and examined with electron microscopy and next-generation sequencing. These techniques revealed microbial communities growing on the plastics. Which of the following statements is correct regarding these communities?
Answer Options:
a. The community within the plastic must be very similar to the community in the surrounding ocean waters., b. There are no bacteriophage that use these microbes as hosts, as viruses are rare in marine ecosystems., c. These communities are very likely to be pure cultures, as plastics have been synthesized precisely because they are resistant to microbial degradation., d. At least one member of the community must synthesize an enzyme to degrade the hydrocarbon comprising the plastic.
Answer: d. At least one member of the community must synthesize an enzyme to degrade the hydrocarbon comprising the plastic.
Question: Which of the following statements concerning metagenomic sequencing is incorrect?
Answer Options:
a. The samples are subject to polymerase chain reaction for amplification., b. The sequences of the amplified fragments are determined by next-generation methods., c. Software aligns sequences and assemble large portions of genomes., d. Proteins are extracted from an environment, fragmented, and adaptors are added.
Answer: d. Proteins are extracted from an environment, fragmented, and adaptors are added.
Question: “Live and Active Cultures” on the label of many yogurt products means that _______.
Answer Options:
a. the product was made by fermentation but then pasteurized, b. yeast cultures were used to produce the yogurt, c. the product contains live bacteria, d. the product may become contaminated by microbes if exposed to air
Answer: c. the product contains live bacteria
Question: Sewage sludge, the solid that remains after aerobic decomposition, makes a useful fertilizer because _______.
Answer Options:
a. it is rich in carbon and nitrogen, b. it is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, c. it has been treated to remove microbes and will not be a source of pathogens, d. it contains significant energy in the form of methane
Answer: b. it is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
Question: Which statement is true regarding pasteurization?
Answer Options:
a. The process was first used in the wine industry., b. During pasteurization, the heating is done very quickly to prevent a change in the integrity and taste of the product., c. It does not kill all microorganisms in milk., d. All statements are true.
Answer: c. It does not kill all microorganisms in milk.
Question: A 12-year-old male wakes up with a severe sore throat while on a camping trip with his family. He may have a fever. No cough is observed. The child insists he is well enough to continue camping and by the time they return from their trip all his symptoms have resolved. Several weeks later, his parents observe that his urine is “Coca-Cola colored” and the area around his eyes looks swollen. Urinalysis shows protein and blood in his urine. Which of the following would be the correct diagnosis?
Answer Options:
A. Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis, B. Pyelonephritis, C. Mononucleosis, D. Acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Answer: A. Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Question: In late-stage Type II Diabetes Mellitus due to beta cell dysfunction (islet cell burnout), which of the following hormone imbalances would be seen?
Answer Options:
A. Decrease Glucagon & Decrease Insulin, B. Decrease Insulin & Decrease Amylin, C. Increase Glucagon & Increase Insulin, D. Increase Insulin & Increase Amylin, E. Decrease Gluconeogenesis & Decrease Glycogenolysis.
Answer: B. Decrease Insulin & Decrease Amylin
Question: A 19-year-old male with a history of paranoid schizophrenia is found by a police officer in an abandoned building with a tinfoil hat on his head, claiming it will block the aliens from controlling him. The officer attempts to escort the young male out of the building, he has a panic attack and starts hyperventilating. He eventually passes out and the police officer takes him to the hospital for evaluation. Labs are drawn:
Answer Options:
A. Compensated respiratory acidosis with an increased anion gap, B. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap, C. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis, D. Compensated respiratory acidosis.
Answer: C. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis
Question: An 18-year-old male is at the emergency department with a chief complaint of testicular pain. The pain is 10/10 and the patient is nauseous and has vomited from the pain. On physical exam of the genitals, the scrotum appears swollen with a high riding right testicle. The right testicle is hard to the touch and a cremasteric reflex is absent on the right side. Phren sign is negative and the patient states that he is not sexually active. Which of the following is the best diagnosis?
Answer Options:
A. Orchitis, B. Testicular Torsion, C. Varicocele, D. Spermatocele.
Answer: B. Testicular Torsion
Question: When it comes to diabetic retinopathy, it initially manifests as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy before it progresses to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Which of the following fundoscopic exam findings seen in a diabetic’s retina would lead to a diagnosis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Answer Options:
A. Cotton Wool Spots, B. Microaneurysms, C. Hard Exudates, D. Neovascularization, E. Retinal Hemorrhages.
Answer: D. Neovascularization
Question: A 49-year-old obese woman with a 15-year history of type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension has been referred to the weight loss clinic. During the physical exam, it is noted that she has what look like sideburns. When asked about her last menstrual cycle, she states that she believes she has been through menopause since she has not had a period in the last 18 months. As part of the evaluation, a comprehensive metabolic panel is obtained. Her serum glucose, cholesterol, pH and sodium are elevated while her potassium is low. The head clinician is suspicious that she may have Cushing’s disease as the patient mentioned she has been having headaches and issues with her peripheral vision. A 24-hour urine cortisol confirms the presence of hypercortisolism. Which of the following below would confirm your diagnosis of Cushing’s disease?
Answer Options:
A. Low Aldosterone | Low ACTH, B. Low Aldosterone | High ACTH, C. High Aldosterone | Low ACTH, D. High Aldosterone | High ACTH.
Answer: B. Low Aldosterone | High ACTH
Question: A 50-year-old female presents to her doctor complaining of tingling of her lips, fingers, and toes. She occasionally has been getting facial muscle spasms. The symptoms started shortly after her cardiologist put her on a drug called furosemide (Lasix). You order some blood work. Describes the patient’s current acid/base state?
Answer Options:
A. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis, B. Compensated respiratory alkalosis, C. Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis, D. Compensated metabolic acidosis.
Answer: A. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis.
Question: A 45-year-old male is at his doctor for his yearly physical. When asked how he’s been the past year, he tells his doctor that he has been getting a ringing sound in his left ear for the past few months. The ringing sound comes and goes, but it always feels like there is pressure in his left ear. The doctor notices that the patient is having trouble hearing them, and asks if there are any other issues he is having. The patient says that “when I get the ringing in my ears, I occasionally get dizzy, like the room is spinning.” Which of the following conditions would best describe the patient’s symptoms?
Answer Options:
A. Otosclerosis, B. Presbycusis, C. Otitis Media, D. Meniere’s Disease.
Answer: D. Meniere’s Disease
Question: A 1-year-old baby boy is brought to the pediatrician’s office because he will not stop crying and keeps tugging at his left ear. Vitals are taken and a fever of 102.2 OF is recorded. The notable findings on physical exam are found while examining the tympanic membrane through an otoscope and audiometry testing. The boy’s left tympanic membrane appears erythematous w/ bulging of the tympanic membrane. Audiometry exam shows decreased hearing sensitivity in the left ear compared to the right ear. The pediatrician explains to the parents that their child has _
Answer Options:
A. Otosclerosis, B. Presbycusis, C. Otitis Media, D. Meniere’s Disease.
Answer: C. Otitis Media
Question: While getting a manicure, you notice pronounced koilonychias (spooning of the nails) and angular cheilitis on the manicurist. You notice her skin to be pale in color and she seems tired. Which nutritional deficiency is she most likely suffering from?
Answer Options:
A. Hypokalemia, B. Iron deficiency, C. Folate deficiency, D. Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Answer: B. Iron deficiency