Question: Canada is similar in many ways to the United States. Both countries share the same language, values, and a free market economy. Also, they share a common border. Therefore, the Canadian flag must look a lot like the U.S. flag.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Inductive, strong.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Deductive, valid.

Answer: a. Inductive, weak.

Question: Either Bill Clinton or George W. Bush was president when the World Trade Center towers were destroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, Bill Clinton was president when those buildings were destroyed.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, strong.

Answer: b. Deductive, valid.

Question: As the universe expands, it gets colder and colder. Furthermore, this expansion will continue forever and ever. Therefore, at some point in the future, the universe will become too cold to support human life, and all humans will perish.

Answer Options:
a. Deductive, invalid.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Deductive, sound.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, weak.

Answer: d. Inductive, strong.

Question: No drug cartels are legal operations, so no legal operations are enterprises that engage in smuggling, because all drug cartels are enterprises that engage in smuggling.

Answer Options:
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Deductive, invalid.

Answer: e. Deductive, invalid.

Question: Given that 𝑥2+2𝑥=15x 2+2x=15, it follows that 𝑥=3x=3.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Deductive, invalid.

Answer: c. Deductive, valid.

Question: Graffiti painted on that vacant building says “Boycott Meat.” Therefore, it’s clear that we should all become vegetarians.

Answer Options:
a. Deductive, sound.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Deductive, valid.
e. Inductive, strong.

Answer: b. Inductive, weak.

Question: James Bloomfield, the widely respected expert on art authentication, says that the painting recently discovered in the basement of the art museum is a genuine Picasso. Therefore, we conclude that the painting is indeed a genuine Picasso.

Answer Options:
a. Deductive, invalid.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Inductive, cogent.
e. Inductive, strong.

Answer: e. Inductive, strong.

Question: Astrological calculations indicate that the U.S. stock market will crash in the year 2014. Therefore, you should get your money out of the market before that year.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Deductive, invalid.
e. Inductive, strong.

Answer: c. Inductive, weak.

Question: If organic food contains pesticides, then consumers are misled. Organic food does not contain pesticides. Therefore, consumers are not misled.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Inductive, strong.
c. Deductive, valid.
d. Deductive, invalid.
e. Deductive, sound.

Answer: d. Deductive, invalid.

Question: When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for lots of work that didn’t need to be done. The same thing happened to Niki and Claire. Apparently, mechanics these days are just a bunch of crooks.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, weak.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Deductive, valid.
e. Deductive, sound.

Answer: b. Inductive, weak.

Question: All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobic exercises are weight reducers.

Answer Options:
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Inductive, weak.
d. Inductive, strong.
e. Inductive, cogent.

Answer: a. Deductive, valid.

Question: After hearing Jordan’s speech in the student council, Michael rolled his eyes and shook his head. Apparently, Michael didn’t agree with what Jordan said.

Answer Options:
a. Deductive, valid.
b. Deductive, sound.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, weak.
e. Inductive, strong.

Answer: e. Inductive, strong.

Question: Brandon is a polytheist. Therefore, he believes in more than one god.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, cogent.
b. Deductive, invalid.
c. Inductive, weak.

Answer: a. Inductive, cogent.

Question: Given that figure A is a triangle, and one of its sides has a length of 1 foot. It follows that its area is less than 1 square foot.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, weak.
b. Deductive, valid.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Deductive, sound.
e. Inductive, strong.

Answer: c. Deductive, invalid.

Question: After buying a pair of Blue Atlas jeans, Carter was disappointed to find that they fell apart after only one month. The same thing happened to Jeff, Mario, and Ralph. Apparently, Blue Atlas jeans don’t hold up very well.

Answer Options:
a. Inductive, strong.
b. Inductive, cogent.
c. Deductive, invalid.
d. Inductive, weak.
e. Deductive, valid.

Answer: a. Inductive, strong.

Question: Which of the following are all premise indicators?

Answer Options:
a. For, because, consequently.
b. Inasmuch as, thus, accordingly.
c. Consequently, hence, thus.
d. Since, given that, because.
e. Given that, for the reason that, wherefore.

Answer: d. Since, given that, because.

Question: Which of the following are all arguments?

Answer Options:
a. Illustrations, syllogisms, explanations.
b. Predictions, categorical syllogisms, arguments from signs.
c. Warnings, conditional statements, statements of belief.
d. Expository passages, reports, pieces of advice.
e. Propositions, analogies, inferences.

Answer: b. Predictions, categorical syllogisms, arguments from signs.

Question: Which of the following are all deductive arguments?

Answer Options:
a. Hypothetical syllogisms, disjunctive syllogisms, arguments based on mathematics.
b. Generalizations, predictions, causal inferences.
c. Arguments from authority, disjunctive syllogisms, predictions.
d. Arguments from authority, generalizations, arguments from analogy.
e. Arguments based on signs, causal inferences, arguments in science.

Answer: a. Hypothetical syllogisms, disjunctive syllogisms, arguments based on mathematics.