Question: Locke’s major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:

Answer Choices:

A. they cannot be empirically tested
B. there is no God
C. humans do not share the same ideas
D. they place reason above faith

Answer: C – humans do not share the same ideas

 

Question: For Locke, all ideas come from:

Answer Choices:

A. sensation and reflection
B. sensation and association
C. reflection and association

Answer: A – sensation and reflection

 

Question: What is true of Locke’s beliefs concerning the mind?

Answer Choices:

A. The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.
B. The mind arranges ideas into a finite predetermined number of configurations.
C. The mind distorts innate ideas.
D. The mind creates simple ideas that exist independently of complex ideas.

Answer: A – The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.

 

Question: Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:

Answer Choices:

A. sensory experience
B. feelings of pleasure and pain
C. divine moral principles
D. despair and hope

Answer: B – feelings of pleasure and pain

 

Question: In Locke’s philosophy, the concept of association explains:

Answer Choices:

A. faulty beliefs
B. moral principles
C. mental phenomena
D. primary and secondary qualities

Answer: A – faulty beliefs

 

Question: Locke’s notion “Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper . . .” is most often misunderstood as believing that the mind:

Answer Choices:

A. can be sharpened with experience
B. is devoid of any faculties at birth
C. retains no ideas at birth
D. gets its ideas through senses & reflection

Answer: B – is devoid of any faculties at birth

 

Question: According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:

Answer Choices:

A. be perceived
B. consist of primary qualities
C. create or matter
D. exist spiritually

Answer: A – be perceived

 

Question: According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:

Answer Choices:

A. it makes common sense to assume that it does
B. God perceives it
C. without it, there would be no primary qualities
D. humans invent it

Answer: B – God perceives it

 

Question: Hume’s goal was to combine _____ with principles of _____ to create a science of human nature.

Answer Choices:

A. rational philosophy; association
B. empirical philosophy; association
C. empirical philosophy; Newtonian science
D. innate ideas; Newtonian science

Answer: C – empirical philosophy; Newtonian science

 

Question: Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume’s laws of association?

Answer Choices:

A. Law of resemblance: Trevor thinks of his favorite gift, a pocket knife, stimulating thoughts of his friend Jim, who gave him the gift.
B. Law of contiguity: Nancy thinks of her friend Grace and instantly recalls her friend Neal.
C. Law of cause and effect: Elaine recalls her birthday party last summer and begins to recall every birthday party she has ever had.
D. Law of resemblance: Sam recalls his birthday party last summer and begins to recall every birthday party he has ever had.

Answer: A – Law of resemblance: Trevor thinks of his favorite gift, a pocket knife, stimulating thoughts of his friend Jim, who gave him the gift.

 

Question: According to Hume, the mind is:

Answer Choices:

A. a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment
B. a nonmaterial entity that exists independently of the body
C. that part of a person that organizes his or her experiences
D. responsible for human irrationality

Answer: A – a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment

 

Question: What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?

Answer Choices:

A. ideas
B. impressions
C. passions
D. instincts

Answer: C – passions

 

Question: With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?

Answer Choices:

A. Behavior is guided by innate moral principles.
B. Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.
C. Hedonism should be dismissed.
D. Government and religion should be closely linked.

Answer: B – Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.

 

Question: J.S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is:

Answer Choices:

A. justified because women are biologically inferior to men
B. justified because it is in accordance with church dogma
C. basically wrong
D. supported by the science of ethology

Answer: C – basically wrong

 

Question: Bain’s goal was to:

Answer Choices:

A. show that a science of ethology was possible
B. describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena
C. show the compatibility between J.S. Mill’s concept of mental chemistry and Comte’s philosophy
D. show that mental and behavioral phenomena could be explained without employing the law of contiguity

Answer: B – describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena

 

Question: Bain felt that the law of _____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors.

Answer Choices:

A. similarity
B. constructive association
C. compound association
D. mental chemistry

Answer: B – constructive association

 

Question: Bain’s explanation of voluntary behavior combined:

Answer Choices:

A. empiricism and rationalism
B. free will and determinism
C. constructive and compound associations
D. spontaneous activity and hedonism

Answer: D – spontaneous activity and hedonism

 

Question: What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems?

Answer Choices:

A. Scientism
B. Utilitarianism
C. Empiricism

Answer: A – Scientism

 

Question: If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:

Answer Choices:

A. metaphysical nonsense
B. a possibility
C. a valid scientific analysis of the mind
D. the groundwork from which a positivistic science could develop

Answer: A – metaphysical nonsense

 

Question: Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:

Answer Choices:

A. only overt behavior can be studied objectively
B. only the intimate conscious experience of a scientist can be valued
C. metaphysical speculation must be avoided
D. the only valid tool available for studying humans is introspection

Answer: C – metaphysical speculation must be avoided