Question: Changes in the frequency and pattern of disease over long periods of time (10+ years).

Answer Choices:
Seasonal trends.
Secular trends.
Short-term fluctuations.
None of the above.

Answer: Secular trends.

 

Question: Which of the following attributes is reflective of creative thinking—not critical thinking?

Answer Choices:
All of the above
Focused
Linear
Generative
Analytical

Answer: Generative

 

Question: Environmental tobacco smoke was shown to be a risk factor for lung cancer by:

Answer Choices:
Hirayama’s study of non-smoking wives of smokers in Japan
Cornfield’s necropsy study of non-smokers living with smokers
Berkson’s study of Sinai in smoking data
Doll and Hill’s study of gender differences in lung cancer in Britain

Answer: Hirayama’s study of non-smoking wives of smokers in Japan

 

Question: Case control studies hinge on a comparison of how many cases had the exposure of interest as compared with how many controls had a similar exposure.

Answer Choices:
True
False

Answer: True

 

Question: A poll tax was used to:

Answer Choices:
A. prevent northern immigrants from moving to the South and voting in local elections.
B. determine who was intelligent enough to vote.
C. dissuade African Americans and poor whites from voting.
D. force individuals to buy property in order to be eligible to vote.
E. raise funds for voter registration among the minority community.

Answer: C. dissuade African Americans and poor whites from voting.

 

Question: From January to December 2011, a study was conducted of 3000 residents living in a retirement community among 100 of them were diagnosed with osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones become fragile and are more likely to break. Once diagnosed, treatment can manage the extent of disease but at present a complete cure does not exist. What was the period prevalence of osteoporosis in this population in 2011?

Answer Choices:
(3000-100)/(3000) * 100 = approx. 3%
(100/3000)*100 = approx. 3%
(100/2900)*100 = approx. 3.5%
None of the above

Answer: (100/3000)*100 = approx. 3%

 

Question: Which of Hill’s Criteria would be best supported by the following data? “The risk of lung cancer was higher among smokers than among non-smokers.”

Answer Choices:
Strength of association
Consistency of observed association
Temporality
Biological gradient
Biological plausibility
Experiment
Analogy

Answer: Strength of association

 

Question: Which kind of a design is a cross-sectional study?

Answer Choices:
Experimental and analytic.
Experimental and descriptive.
Observational and analytic.
Observational and descriptive.

Answer: Observational and descriptive.

 

Question: Why is it important to know who the author of a source is and what her or his background credentials are?

Answer Choices:
You should make sure that the sources you reference in your papers have authors with the appropriate background to speak on a subject.
You should make sure your sources’ authors have published in a particular geographical area.
You should make sure that you alphabetize the authors’ last names correctly on the reference page.

Answer: You should make sure that the sources you reference in your papers have authors with the appropriate background to speak on a subject.

 

Question: A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint.

Answer Choices:
True
False

Answer: True

 

Question: Choose the pair of words/phrases among the choices that exhibits the same logical relationship as the words/phrases in the following pair:

heavy: weight

Answer Choices:
A. dry: wet
B. feather: scale
C. hot: temperature
D. color: size

Answer: C. hot: temperature