Question: The average height of members of the high school basketball team is six feet, three inches. Jerry is on the high school basketball team, so Jerry must be taller than six feet.
The argument above is flawed because it confuses
Answer Choices:
A. Jerry with other members of the team
B. the members of one team with the members of another team
C. people who are six feet three inches tall for people who are exactly six feet tall
D. an average for the individuals that make up that average
Answer: D. an average for the individuals that make up that average
Question: Which of the following may be true about this finding: OR=0.74 (95% CI 0.14, 1.76)?
Answer Choices:
A. There is a 74% increase in risk associated with exposure among cases.
B. The finding is statistically significant at or below P<0.05.
C. The study may have had an inadequate sample size (not enough people in the study).
A and C only.
All of the above.
Answer: C. The study may have had an inadequate sample size (not enough people in the study).
Question: How can you determine what the purpose of a source is?
Answer Choices:
Look for the author’s biases.
Look at the evidence the author uses to determine if he or she is impartial.
Understand who the publisher is to look for bias.
All of the above.
Answer: All of the above.
Question: Epidemiology is used to study the etiology of diseases or other health outcomes.
Answer Choices:
True
False
Answer: True
Question: The criteria for a risk factor that states “the Risk factor must precede disease onset” is equivalent to which of Hill’s criteria?
Answer Choices:
Biological gradient
Biological plausibility
Specificity
Strength of association
Temporality
Answer: Temporality
Question: In case control studies, matching is used to address:
Answer Choices:
Differences in known confounders between cases and controls.
Differences in exposure status among cases.
Any problems with the case definition.
All of the above.
Answer: Differences in known confounders between cases and controls.
Question: The text outlines five conflict styles. Akilah is a strong-willed person who has high control needs and is self-confident. She often is heard in her group meetings cutting others off if they make comments, taking over from people, and eventually evaluating ideas presented by others in her group. Akilah’s conflict style is:
Answer Choices:
A. Collaboration
B. Avoidance
C. Competitive
D. Passive-aggressive
Answer: C. Competitive
Question: Jerome is a dedicated and conscientious Ashford student who is concerned about the grade he earned on a recent written assignment. He would like to e-mail his instructor, Dr. Smith, with questions about his grade. Which of the following is the BEST way for Jerome to begin this e-mail?
Answer Choices:
Hello Dr. Smith, I have a question about my grades.
Sarah, what’s up with my grades?
I have a question about grades.
Hi Dr. Smith, can u tell me why my assignment grade is so low?
Answer: Hello Dr. Smith, I have a question about my grades.
Question: The rise of cigarette smoking in the United States is most strongly linked to:
Answer Choices:
Branding and advertising by the tobacco industry
Lack of public health efforts to link smoking with cancer
The development of filtered cigarettes
The availability of thin paper for rolling cigarettes
Answer: Branding and advertising by the tobacco industry
Question: Calculate the odds ratio using the following data:
The following data is from a case control study, examining if babies with heart defects were more likely to have mothers who used retinoic acid to treat acne during their pregnancy than babies born without heart defects.
Yes – retinoic acid used | heart defects | no heart defects
No retinoic acid used | 10 | 110
Yes retinoic acid used | 90 | 210
Answer Choices:
OR = [(90110)/(10210)] = 2.38
OR = [(90210)/(11010)] = 4.03
OR = [(90110)/(10210)] = 0.74
OR = [(11090)/(21010)] = 4.71
Answer: OR = [(90110)/(10210)] = 4.71
Question: What does it tell us about the nature of osteoporosis if the incidence is low but the prevalence is high?
Answer Choices:
The duration of the disease is long.
The duration of the disease is short.
The disease has a high case fatality rate.
Nothing can be determined about the nature of osteoporosis based on this information.
Answer: The duration of the disease is long.
Question: A similar screening test was developed and evaluated on a similar population, and found to have a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 97%, with 63% positive predictive value and 91% negative predictive value. Pick the correct interpretations of these results.
Answer Choices:
Students with anorexia have a 83% chance of testing positive while students without anorexia have a 97% chance of testing negative.
Students who test positive have a 63% chance of having disease, while students who test negative have a 91% chance of not having disease.
The screening test is more likely to rule out students who don’t have anorexia than it is to identify students who actually do have the disease.
A and B only
All of the above
Answer: A and B only
Question: Last season at City Opera House, far more people attended opera X than opera Y. However, opera Y generated far greater net profits for City Opera House than did opera X.
Which of the following could directly explain the result indicated above EXCEPT:
Answer Choices:
A. a difference in the ticket prices of operas X and Y.
B. a difference in the operating expenses of operas X and Y.
C. a difference in the subject matters of operas X and Y.
D. a difference in the merchandise sales associated with operas X and Y.
Answer: C. a difference in the subject matters of operas X and Y.
Question: One of the main drawbacks of a Cross-sectional study design is that it measures exposure and disease outcomes at the same time, and therefore it does not satisfy Hill’s criteria of temporality.
Answer Choices:
True
False
Answer: True
Question: When you spend one or more days following along with someone who has a career you want to pursue, you are
Answer Choices:
probably wasting your time
conducting an informational interview
job shadowing
interning
Answer: job shadowing
Question: Humans are very good at detecting deception.
Answer Choices:
True
False
Answer: False
Question: What is an interested party?
Answer Choices:
A person who finds the topic fascinating.
A person with a stake in the outcome.
A person who earns money from investments over time.
None of these.
All of these.
Answer: A person with a stake in the outcome.
Question: Who conducted a pioneering outbreak investigation in order to demonstrate that cholera could be transmitted through contaminated water?
Answer Choices:
Hippocrates
James Lind
John Snow
John Graunt
William Farr
Answer: John Snow
Question: Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.
Answer Choices:
True
False
Answer: True
Question: Critics of vaccine programs argue that:
Answer Choices:
They should not be mandated.
They are against religious practices.
None of these.
They are not sufficiently effective.
All of these.
Purposely injecting healthy children is dangerous.
Answer: All of these.
Question: An odds ratio that is LESS than 1.0 (i.e., 0.35, 0.45, 0.72, etc.) indicates:
Answer Choices:
The exposure is associated with an increased risk of the health outcome.
The exposure is not associated with any change in frequency of the health outcome.
The exposure is associated with a reduction in risk for the health outcome.
The exposure is associated with the health outcomes, but the direction is not provided.
Answer: The exposure is associated with a reduction in risk for the health outcome.
Question: How would it change the prevalence of osteoporosis in 2011 if an additional 500 healthy people resided in the retirement community?
Answer Choices:
The prevalence would increase.
The prevalence would decrease.
The prevalence would stay the same.
Answer: The prevalence would decrease.