Question: Which individual outcome(s) for the primary end point provided significance toward the overall effect (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79–0.92)? (Select all that apply)
Answer Options:
A. Coronary revascularization
B. Hospitalization for unstable angina
C. Death from any cause
D. MI
E. CTTC composite endpoint
F. Stroke
G. CV death
Answer: A, D, F
Question: What was the primary outcome measured in the Grijalva et al. study on influenza vaccination and pneumonia hospitalization?
Answer Options:
A. The reduction in overall pneumonia hospitalizations due to influenza vaccination.
B. The impact of influenza vaccination on reducing in-hospital mortality rates.
C. The association between prior influenza vaccination and hospitalization for community-acquired laboratory-confirmed influenza pneumonia.
D. The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing all respiratory infections.
Answer: C
Question: Which of the following statements is true about bias in clinical research studies?
Answer Options:
A. Selection bias happens when study participants are chosen randomly, ensuring a representative sample.
B. Confounding bias occurs when an unmeasured variable influences both the exposure and outcome.
C. Bias can always be completely eliminated with proper randomization of the exposure.
D. Recall bias only occurs in prospective studies.
Answer: B
Question: Researchers investigated the association between consumption of white rice and type 2 diabetes. Which population has the least amount of heterogeneity?
Answer Options:
A. Neither, both have equal heterogeneity
B. Asian
C. Western
D. Western and Asian
Answer: C
Question: Investigators studied the effect of surgeon patient volume on complication rates after knee surgery. Which of the following best describes this study design?
Answer Options:
A. Cross-sectional study
B. Case-control study
C. Clinical trial
D. Retrospective cohort study
Answer: D
Question: All of the following are characteristics of a meta-analysis, except:
Answer Options:
A. Statistically combines studies
B. Analytical technique
C. Provides quantitative assessment
D. Prospectively randomized
Answer: D
Question: Your preceptor asks you about the 46% reduction in major bleeding (1.0% vs 1.7%). Calculate the number needed to harm (NNH) based on the information shown.
Answer Options:
(No multiple-choice options were provided.)
Answer: 143
Question: Which of the following best describes the analysis conducted by Ray et al. study of antibiotic use?
Answer Options:
A. The study examined time to cardiovascular death and death from any cause using survival analysis.
B. The study examined cumulative incidence with logistic regression of 36 patients who took azithromycin.
C. The study examined incidence of cardiovascular death using linear regression.
D. The study outcome was risk of cardiovascular death with chi-square analysis.
Answer: A
Question: When evaluating Ray’s study figure (azithromycin vs. no antibiotic), if the hazard of the event increases while taking the drug and returns to the control group’s hazard after stopping, which causal criterion does this illustrate?
Answer Options:
A. Biological gradient
B. Temporality
C. Consistency
D. Biologic plausibility
Answer: B
Question: An RCT evaluated the efficacy of a new asthma drug in men vs. women, finding a 15% difference (CI 10%–21%). Which statement is most appropriate given the results?
Answer Options:
A. There is a statistically significant difference (p<0.05).
B. There is not a statistically significant difference.
C. Without a p-value, we cannot conclude significance.
D. There is a statistically significant difference (p<0.01).
Answer: A
Question: Which criterion identified above contributes to the conclusion there is a causal relationship between HCTZ and BCC (best answer)?
Answer Options:
A. Temporal relationship
B. Random assignment of the exposure
C. Consistency of data
D. Biologic gradient
Answer: D
Question: Which of the following represents an important disadvantage of observational trials compared to experimental trials? (Select all that apply)
Answer Options:
A. Weaker ability to establish causality
B. Less control over variables/residual confounding
C. Greater susceptibility to selection bias
D. They are more expensive
Answer: A, B, C
Question: Researchers found a relative risk of CHD of 1.18 (CI 0.87–1.60) for 1–2 cups of coffee vs. no coffee. Which statement is best?
Answer Options:
A. Drinking coffee daily increases the risk of CHD.
B. Drinking 1–2 cups daily increases CHD by 18% vs. not drinking.
C. Compared to not drinking coffee, 1–2 cups daily significantly increases the likelihood of CHD.
D. Drinking 1–2 cups daily does not increase CHD risk vs. no coffee.
Answer: D