Question: Evaluating a case-control study with ORs for children (0.25) and adults (0.59, CI 0.34–1.02). Do the reported OR results support the authors’ conclusion?
Answer Options:
A. Yes
B. More information is needed
C. No
Answer: B
Question: Meta-analysis of two trials for carvedilol vs. placebo in heart failure shows RR 0.69 (CI 0.12–3.88). Which statement describes the result?
Answer Options:
A. Too much heterogeneity
B. Underpowered study
C. No significant difference in all-cause mortality
D. Significantly less risk with carvedilol
Answer: C
Question: A meta-analysis of high-level recreational physical activity (RPA) vs. low-level RPA shows RR 0.81 (0.76–0.85) for hypertension. Which statement best represents it?
Answer Options:
A. 81% chance patients with hypertension benefit from high RPA
B. Heterogeneity means a random effect is needed
C. High-level RPA decreased hypertension risk by 19%
D. The study by Camoes has the lowest weight, while Poulou has the highest
Answer: C
Question: When reviewing a meta-analysis, which funnel plot clearly indicates bias?
Answer Options:
A. (Asymmetric funnel)
B. (Some pattern)
C. (Another pattern)
D. (Symmetrical)
Answer: A
Question: Calcium supplementation in patients <35 years: mean difference –4.22 mmHg. Which statement best represents the total result?
Answer Options:
A. Compared to control, calcium decreases DBP by 1.73 with moderate heterogeneity
B. Yosephin 2015 has the lowest weight, Cutler 1992 the highest
C. Patients <35 have a lower reduction than >35
D. Combined results show a –1.73 mmHg with high heterogeneity
Answer: A
Question: Of the studies in the forest plot (Innes, Donaldson, Flesseler, Friedman), which contributed the most useful information to the meta-analysis?
Answer Options:
A. Innes
B. Donaldson
C. Flesseler
D. Friedman
Answer: D
Question: A meta-analysis of bisphosphonates vs. placebo in transplant recipients shows OR ~0.56 (0.23–1.35). Which statement is correct?
Answer Options:
A. No significant decrease in vertebral fractures
B. Decreases vertebral fractures by 56%
C. No heterogeneity present
D. Decreases vertebral fractures by 44%
Answer: A
Question: Based on the forest plot below (I²=40%), what is the degree of heterogeneity?
Answer Options:
A. Low
B. Moderate
C. High
Answer: B
Question: A study on tight vs. conventional glycemic control in children found 70/694 vs. 11/675 severe hypoglycemia. What is the absolute risk reduction?
Answer Options:
A. 8.5%
B. 73%
C. 25%
D. 29%
Answer: A
Question: Which of the following questions is a well-formulated EBM question?
Answer Options:
A. Which is the best antihypertensive drug?
B. Can I substitute omeprazole with lansoprazole at the same dose?
C. What is the evidence that reducing A1c improves outcomes?
D. What evidence supports cefuroxime over amoxicillin for otitis media in a child with chronic ear infection?
Answer: D
Question: A coffee study misclassified some coffee drinkers as non-coffee. If coffee drinkers are exposed group, non-coffee is control, what’s the effect on the odds ratio?
Answer Options:
A. Bias toward the null
B. Exaggerates difference (overestimate)
C. No effect on the odds ratio
Answer: A
Question: Which of the following represents the line of no effect in the figure below? (Mean difference forest plot)
Answer Options:
A. OR (odds ratio)
B. ARR (absolute risk reduction)
C. RR (relative risk)
D. HR (hazard ratio)
Answer: B