Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 2C? a. The method of concomitant variation. b. The method of residues. c. The method of difference. d. The joint method of agreement and difference. e. The method of agreement.

Answer Options:
A) The method of concomitant variation.
B) The method of residues.
C) The method of difference.
D) The joint method of agreement and difference.
E) The method of agreement.

Answer: C) The method of difference. Section 3

Question: A condition X is not a necessary condition for Y if: a. X is absent when Y is present. b. X and Y are absent together. c. X and Y are present together. d. X is absolute but Y is relative. e. X is present when Y is absent.

Answer Options:
A) X is absent when Y is present.
B) X and Y are absent together.
C) X and Y are present together.
D) X is absolute but Y is relative.
E) X is present when Y is absent.

Answer: A) X is absent when Y is present.

Question: To compute the probability of the LA Lakers defeating the Boston Celtics in their upcoming game, the theory of probability that would typically be used is the: a. Relative frequency theory. b. Conditional theory. c. Classical (a priori) theory. d. Relativist theory. e. Subjectivist theory.

Answer Options:
A) Relative frequency theory.
B) Conditional theory.
C) Classical (a priori) theory.
D) Relativist theory.
E) Subjectivist theory.

Answer: E) Subjectivist theory.

Question: Suppose that a sociologist notices a correlation between the rate of personal bankruptcy filings and the suicide rate. As the bankruptcy rate increases, the suicide rate increases, and vice versa. The sociologist concludes that personal bankruptcy is a cause of suicide. What method did the sociologist use in drawing this conclusion? a. The method of concomitant variation. b. The method of agreement. c. The method of difference. d. The method of residues. e. The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of concomitant variation.
B) The method of agreement.
C) The method of difference.
D) The method of residues.
E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer: A) The method of concomitant variation.

Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 3C? a. The method of difference. b. The method of concomitant variation. c. The method of agreement. d. The method of residues. e. The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of difference.
B) The method of concomitant variation.
C) The method of agreement.
D) The method of residues.
E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer: E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Question: The controlled experiment in science is most closely related to which of Mill’s methods? a. The method of agreement. b. The joint method of agreement and difference. c. The method of concomitant variation. d. The method of agreement. e. The method of difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of agreement.
B) The joint method of agreement and difference.
C) The method of concomitant variation.
D) The method of agreement.
E) The method of difference.

Answer: E) The method of difference.

Question: The correlational method used in the social sciences is closely related to which of Mill’s methods? a. The method of agreement. b. The method of residues. c. The method of concomitant variation. d. The joint method of agreement and difference. e. The method of difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of agreement.
B) The method of residues.
C) The method of concomitant variation.
D) The joint method of agreement and difference.
E) The method of difference.

Answer: C) The method of concomitant variation.

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5C? a. A is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. d. D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. e. B is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) A is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
D) D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
E) B is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: C) F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 4C? a. D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. b. C is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. d. E is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon. e. F is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
B) C is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
D) E is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.
E) F is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: B) C is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 3C? a. C is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. d. A is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. e. A is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) C is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
D) A is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
E) A is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: D) A is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Question: Suppose that a homeowner notices a 20 percent increase in the water bill for July. The homeowner traces this increase to four sources: a running toilet, a dripping faucet, a guest who visited for two days, and a broken sprinkler head. Further study shows that the broken toilet accounts for 8 percent of the increase, the faucet 2 percent, and the visiting guest 4 percent. The homeowner concludes that the remaining 8 percent is attributable to the broken sprinkler head. What method did the homeowner use in drawing this conclusion? a. The method of agreement. b. The joint method of agreement and difference. c. The method of difference. d. The method of residues. e. The method of concomitant variation.

Answer Options:
A) The method of agreement.
B) The joint method of agreement and difference.
C) The method of difference.
D) The method of residues.
E) The method of concomitant variation.

Answer: D) The method of residues. Section 3

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 1C? a. E is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. E is a necessary condition for the phenomenon. d. E is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon. e. A is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) E is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) E is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
D) E is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
E) A is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: C) E is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 1C? a. The method of residues. b. The method of agreement. c. The method of difference. d. The method of concomitant variation. e. The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of residues.
B) The method of agreement.
C) The method of difference.
D) The method of concomitant variation.
E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer: B) The method of agreement. Section 2

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 2C? a. B is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. C is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. c. B is a necessary condition for the phenomenon. d. B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. e. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) B is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) C is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
C) B is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
D) B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
E) C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: D) B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.