Question: Suppose that a sales consulting firm notices a correlation between the sale of house paint and number of home sales in an area. As the number of home sales increases, the sale of house paint increases, and vice versa. The consulting firm concludes that buying a home causes the new owners to purchase house paint. What method did the consulting firm use in drawing this conclusion? a. The method of concomitant variation. b. The method of agreement. c. The method of difference. d. The method of residues. e. The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of concomitant variation.
B) The method of agreement.
C) The method of difference.
D) The method of residues.
E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer: A) The method of concomitant variation.

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 3B? a. B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. E is a necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. D is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. d. D is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon. e. D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) E is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) D is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
D) D is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
E) D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: E) D is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 4B? a. The method of residues. b. The method of concomitant variation. c. The method of agreement. d. The method of difference. e. The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of residues.
B) The method of concomitant variation.
C) The method of agreement.
D) The method of difference.
E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer: D) The method of difference.

Question: The retrospective study described in your textbook in which a nutritionist attempted to determine the effect of several vitamins and minerals on atherosclerosis is closely related to which of Mill’s methods? a. The method of difference. b. The method of residues. c. The method of concomitant variation. d. The method of agreement. e. The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer Options:
A) The method of difference.
B) The method of residues.
C) The method of concomitant variation.
D) The method of agreement.
E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Answer: E) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 1B? a. The method of agreement. b. The joint method of agreement and difference. c. The method of difference. d. The method of concomitant variation. e. The method of residues.

Answer Options:
A) The method of agreement.
B) The joint method of agreement and difference.
C) The method of difference.
D) The method of concomitant variation.
E) The method of residues.

Answer: D) The method of concomitant variation.

Question: Suppose that an accountant for a bank notices a 5 percent reduction in profits for a certain quarter of operations. The accountant identifies four sources of increased costs that might account for this: increased salaries for some of the employees, increased utility costs, new computers for one of the departments, and increased real estate taxes. After further study, the accountant finds that each of these is responsible for a 1 percent reduction in profits, which adds up to a total of 4 percent. Unable to account for the final 1 percent loss, the accountant attributes it to embezzlement by one of the employees. What method did the accountant use in drawing this conclusion? a. The method of agreement. b. The joint method of agreement and difference. c. The method of difference. d. The method of residues. e. The method of concomitant variation.

Answer Options:
A) The method of agreement.
B) The joint method of agreement and difference.
C) The method of difference.
D) The method of residues.
E) The method of concomitant variation.

Answer: D) The method of residues. Section 3

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 2B? a. C is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. A is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. d. D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. e. F is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) C is necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) A is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
D) D is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
E) F is a sufficient and necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: C) B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.

Question: When we say that sunshine causes the flowers to bloom, we mean ’cause’ in the sense of a: a. Relative and an absolute condition. b. Necessary and a sufficient condition. c. Sufficient but not a necessary condition. d. Relative but not an absolute condition. e. Necessary but not a sufficient condition.

Answer Options:
A) Relative and an absolute condition.
B) Necessary and a sufficient condition.
C) Sufficient but not a necessary condition.
D) Relative but not an absolute condition.
E) Necessary but not a sufficient condition.

Answer: E) Necessary but not a sufficient condition.

Question: A condition X is not a sufficient condition for Y if: a. X and Y are present together. b. X is present when Y is absent. c. X is absent when Y is present. d. X is relative but Y is absolute. e. X and Y are absent together.

Answer Options:
A) X and Y are present together.
B) X is present when Y is absent.
C) X is absent when Y is present.
D) X is relative but Y is absolute.
E) X and Y are absent together.

Answer: A) X and Y are present together.

Question: What method was used to determine the cause suggested by Table 3B? a. The method of agreement. b. The method of residues. c. The joint method of agreement and difference. d. The method of difference. e. The method of concomitant variation.

Answer Options:
A) The method of agreement.
B) The method of residues.
C) The joint method of agreement and difference.
D) The method of difference.
E) The method of concomitant variation.

Answer: C) The joint method of agreement and difference.

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 5B? a. F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. c. B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. d. B is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon. e. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) F is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) C is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
C) B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
D) B is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
E) C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: C) B is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.

Question: The experiment described in your textbook involving the effect of a possible carcinogen on 100 mice is most closely related to which of Mill’s methods? a. The method of concomitant variation. b. The joint method of agreement and difference. c. The method of difference. d. The method of agreement. e. The method of residues.

Answer Options:
A) The method of concomitant variation.
B) The joint method of agreement and difference.
C) The method of difference.
D) The method of agreement.
E) The method of residues.

Answer: C) The method of difference.

Question: What cause is suggested by the information in Table 4B? a. B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. b. C is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon. c. C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon. d. C is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon. e. B is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer Options:
A) B is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
B) C is a sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
C) C is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.
D) C is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.
E) B is a necessary condition for the phenomenon.

Answer: D) C is a necessary and sufficient condition for the phenomenon.