Question: Even though the premise behind legal decision making is to be a non-biased adjudicator, it is extremely difficult to leave your personal ethical beliefs behind.
Answer Choices:
True
False
Answer: True
Question: In logic, arguments are best described as __________.
Answer Choices:
reasoning someone to win and someone to lose
providing reasons for a conclusion
a dispute involving anger
a debate over something no one believes
none of these
Answer: providing reasons for a conclusion
Question: Boole’s theories of logic set the foundation for what aspect of computing today?
Answer Choices:
A) Searching
B) Hardware
C) Software
D) Information
Answer: A) Searching
Question: All doctors are people who are committed to enhancing the health of their patients. No people who purposely harm others can consider themselves to be doctors. It follows that some people who harm others do not enhance the health of their patients.
Which of the following is the conclusion of this argument?
Answer Choices:
A. All doctors are people who are committed to enhancing the health of their patients.
B. Some people who harm others do not enhance the health of their patients.
C. No people who purposely harm others can consider themselves to be doctors.
D. None of the above
Answer: B. Some people who harm others do not enhance the health of their patients.
Question: According to modern logic, the statement “Some days are rainy” logically implies:
Answer: Some days are not rainy.
Question: According to modern logicians, statements of the form “All P is Q” are __________ when no P exists.
Answer Choices:
true
false
meaningless
invalid
unsound
Answer: true
Question: The thesis in an argumentative essay _________.
Answer Choices:
A. is composed of premises
B. should be general so that one can write enough on the topic
C. is the claim that is being defended
D. is not as important as the problem
Answer: C. is the claim that is being defended
Question: One way to make an inductive argument weaker is to _________.
Answer Choices:
A. strengthen the conclusion
B. eliminate the conclusion
C. make the argument valid
D. strengthen a premise
Answer: B. eliminate the conclusion
Question: ‘Some dogs are not mammals’ is which type of statement?
Answer Choices:
universal affirmative
universal negative
particular affirmative
particular negative
Answer: particular negative
Question: Identify the form of the following argument.If I get a new job, then I will be able to afford a new car.
I am not going to get new job.
Therefore, I will not be able to afford a new car.
Answer Choices:
modus ponens
modus tollens
disjunctive syllogism
hypothetical syllogism
not a valid form
Answer: modus tollens
Question: Which of the following is not a typical misconception about logic?
Answer Choices:
A. It does not need to be learned.
B. It is the systematic study and evaluation of arguments.
C. It is something that only nonhuman animals are capable of.
D. It is too hard.
Answer: B. It is the systematic study and evaluation of arguments.
Question: _________ is the study of knowledge and learning.
Answer Choices:
Logic
Epistemology
Ethics
Metaphysics
Answer: Epistemology
Question: God must exist for there can be no other explanation for the order and complexity of the world. Some say there is no proof, but to me the proof is all around us.
The conclusion of this argument is _________.
Answer Choices:
A. God exists
B. There is no other explanation of the order and complexity of the world besides God
Answer: A. God exists
Question: Mrs. Orloff teaches two history classes, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Yesterday gave the same test to both classes. Anyone who failed the test must take a retest. Since a greater percentage of students who took the morning test failed the test than students who took the afternoon test, more of Orloff’s morning history students than afternoon history students will have to take the retest.
The conclusion above is not necessarily valid because
Answer Choices:
A. it is based on data that is statistically impossible
B. it relies on an analogy that is not valid
C. some of the students who passed the afternoon test may have received information about the test from morning students
D. more students may have taken the test in the afternoon than in the morning
Answer: D. more students may have taken the test in the afternoon than in the morning
Question: Consider the following argument.
It rained today.
It is going to rain tomorrow.
Which of the following would make this argument stronger?
Answer Choices:
A. Evidence that the atmospheric conditions tomorrow will be the same
B. Asking one’s friend if they think it is going to rain
C. Turning the argument into a deductive argument about the weather
D. Consulting someone who reads tea leaves and asking what he or she believes
Answer: A. Evidence that the atmospheric conditions tomorrow will be the same
Question: Deductive arguments have this weakness when compared to inductive arguments.
Answer Choices:
A. They are not valid.
B. They involve reasoning from the general to the particular.
C. They can be persuasive even when they are unsound.
D. They lose their value when they are shown to be unsound.
Answer: D. They lose their value when they are shown to be unsound.
Question: That statement “All dogs are mammals” is an example of a:
Answer Choices:
A. universal negative
B. particular affirmative
C. conditional
D. universal affirmative
Answer: D. universal affirmative
Question: Inference to the best explanation is often expressed in which invalid argumentative form?
Answer Choices:
A. Denying the antecedent
B. Affirming the consequent
C. Denying the consequent
D. Affirming the antecedent
Answer: B. Affirming the consequent
Question: A common argument Socrates used was ________________.
Answer Choices:
modus tollens
ad hominem
reductio ad absurdum
appeal to authority
Answer: reductio ad absurdum
Question: Claims have the following attribute.
Answer Choices:
They do not claim that something is the case.
They often make commands.
They can be true or false.
They are not necessary to form arguments.
Answer: They can be true or false.