Question: Which of the following are examples of microbial biotechnology products? Select ALL that apply.
Which of the following are examples of microbial biotechnology products? Select ALL that apply. Answer Options: The bacteria used as starter cultures for cheese production. Humulin. rDNA Hepatitis B vaccine. The lactase enzyme used to make lactose-free milk. Correct Answer: The bacteria used as starter cultures for cheese production. Humulin. rDNA Hepatitis B vaccine.
Question: What role do plasmids play in the selection step of molecular cloning?
What role do plasmids play in the selection step of molecular cloning? Answer Options: The plasmids used in molecular cloning make bacteria resistant to the ‘heat shock’ used in the transformation step, so only bacteria that have got the plasmid will survive transformation and get to the selection process. The plasmids used in molecular cloning often contain a gene that provides resistance to an antibiotic. In the selection step, scientists place the cells in the presence of that antibiotic and look for those that can grow, which indicates that they have the intended plasmid in them. In the selection step, scientists choose the best gene to use, then put the gene into a plasmid. In the selection step, scientists look for the presence of the plasmid using a microscope. Correct Answer: The plasmids used in molecular cloning often contain a gene that provides resistance to an antibiotic. In the selection step, scientists place the cells in the presence of that antibiotic and look for those that can grow, which indicates that they have the intended plasmid in them.
Question: Which one of the following statements about heterologous protein production IS true?
Which one of the following statements about heterologous protein production IS true? Answer Options: An example of heterologous protein production is when a bacterial cell is given human chromosomes and then becomes a human cell. An example of heterologous protein production is when a bacterial cell is given a plasmid and makes lots of copies of that plasmid. The ‘expression host’ that performs heterologous protein production is always a yeast. Heterologous protein production occurs when an organism makes a protein by expressing (‘reading,’ or making RNA from) a gene that it got from another organism. Correct Answer: Heterologous protein production occurs when an organism makes a protein by expressing (‘reading,’ or making RNA from) a gene that it got from another organism.
Question: Insulin is a hormone and a carbohydrate.
Insulin is a hormone and a carbohydrate. Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: False
Question: Which of the following BEST describes the function of insulin in our bodies?
Which of the following BEST describes the function of insulin in our bodies? Answer Options: Insulin binds to glucose, to ‘hide’ it from our bodies. Insulin helps break down our food into its monomers, such as glucose. Insulin binds to glucose, to cause it to enter cells. Insulin binds to an insulin receptor, as a way to ‘tell’ our cells to take up excess glucose from our blood. Correct Answer: Insulin binds to an insulin receptor, as a way to ‘tell’ our cells to take up excess glucose from our blood.
Question: What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes? Answer Options: The cells in the body of a person with Type II diabetes lack the protein that allows the cells to take up glucose, while people with Type I diabetes cannot make glucose at all. The only difference is what age a person is when they are diagnosed with diabetes. If someone is diagnosed before they turn 18, they are considered to have Type I diabetes. If they are diagnosed as adults, they have Type II diabetes. The pancreas of people with Type I diabetes makes 0-50% of the regular amount of insulin, while the pancreas of people with Type II diabetes makes 51-90% of the regular amount of insulin. People with Type I diabetes cannot produce insulin themselves, while the cells in people with Type II diabetes do not respond as they should to the presence of insulin. Correct Answer: People with Type I diabetes cannot produce insulin themselves, while the cells in people with Type II diabetes do not respond as they should to the presence of insulin.
Question: Before insulin made by genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) was available, where did insulin for injections come from?
Before insulin made by genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) was available, where did insulin for injections come from? Answer Options: Insulin was extracted from human blood donations then purified for injections. Insulin was extracted from the pancreases of cattle and pigs for injection into humans. It was extracted from yeast, after scientists discovered a strain of yeast that naturally makes insulin to support its carbohydrate-rich diet. Insulin was synthesized chemically (not biologically) in a laboratory, using apple skins as a starting material. Correct Answer: Insulin was extracted from the pancreases of cattle and pigs for injection into humans.
Question: In the Video: How recombinant insulin is made, what organism is used to make recombinant insulin?
In the Video: How recombinant insulin is made, what organism is used to make recombinant insulin? Answer Options: A recombinant bacterium Pigs or cattle Human pancreatic cells grown outside of the body A yeast cell Correct Answer: A recombinant bacterium
Question: [Recall of Module 1 needed.] Insulin is an example of a biomolecule. What are the monomers that make up insulin?
[Recall of Module 1 needed.] Insulin is an example of a biomolecule. What are the monomers that make up insulin? Answer Options: Glycerol + fatty acids Monosaccharides Amino acids Nucleic acids Correct Answer: Amino acids
Question: Which of the following BEST describes the function of insulin in our bodies?
Which of the following BEST describes the function of insulin in our bodies? Answer Options: Insulin binds to glucose, to ‘hide’ it from our bodies. Insulin helps break down our food into its monomers, such as glucose. Insulin binds to glucose, to cause it to enter cells. Insulin binds to an insulin receptor, as a way to ‘tell’ our cells to take up excess glucose from our blood. Correct Answer: Insulin binds to an insulin receptor, as a way to ‘tell’ our cells to take up excess glucose from our blood.
Question: People with Type I diabetes require injections of insulin. Why is that?
People with Type I diabetes require injections of insulin. Why is that? Answer Options: The cells in the body of a person with Type I diabetes are resistant to the insulin their bodies produce so they need insulin from a different organism. People with Type I diabetes make a mutant form of insulin that does not function in their bodies, so they have to get non-mutated insulin from an insulin donor without diabetes. Type I diabetes is an auto-immune disease, where the body has destroyed the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a consequence, people with Type I diabetes cannot make their own insulin. People with Type I diabetes only make about 50% of the insulin they need, so they need injections of supplemental insulin. Correct Answer: Type I diabetes is an auto-immune disease, where the body has destroyed the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a consequence, people with Type I diabetes cannot make their own insulin.
Question: How has molecular cloning contributed to the availability of pure insulin for treatment of some people with diabetes?
How has molecular cloning contributed to the availability of pure insulin for treatment of some people with diabetes? Answer Options: Molecular cloning allows us to produce cattle-derived insulin in plants, which can be consumed by people who need supplemental insulin in their diet. Molecular cloning allows the production of large quantities of plasmids containing the insulin gene. These plasmids are then injected into people with diabetes to allow them to produce insulin for themselves. Using molecular cloning, the human gene encoding insulin has been put into yeast and bacteria. These genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) are then grown in large quantities and made to produce human-like insulin. Using molecular cloning, more pigs and cattle can be produced to supply insulin, to avoid shortages. Correct Answer: Using molecular cloning, the human gene encoding insulin has been put into yeast and bacteria. These genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) are then grown in large quantities and made to produce human-like insulin.
Question: In Video: How recombinant insulin is made, what organism is used to make recombinant insulin?
In Video: How recombinant insulin is made, what organism is used to make recombinant insulin? Answer Options: A recombinant bacterium Pigs or cattle Human pancreatic cells grown outside of the body A yeast cell Correct Answer: A recombinant bacterium
Question: “While we do not know for sure, the legend is that cheese was first ‘discovered’ by someone who transported/stored milk in a pouch that was made from the stomach of a ruminant animal.” The preceding statement is…
“While we do not know for sure, the legend is that cheese was first ‘discovered’ by someone who transported/stored milk in a pouch that was made from the stomach of a ruminant animal.” The preceding statement is… Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: True
Question: “Milk used for modern cheesemaking needs to be kept sterile (free of microbes) until it reaches the aging process, when starter cultures are no longer used.” The preceding statement is…
“Milk used for modern cheesemaking needs to be kept sterile (free of microbes) until it reaches the aging process, when starter cultures are no longer used.” The preceding statement is… Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: False
Question: Match the terms with the best description:
Match the terms with the best description: Answer Options: Rennet Chymosin Fermentation-produced chymosin Casein A mixture of enzymes produced in the abomasum (4th) stomach of nursing ruminant animals. A protease enzyme found in rennet that curdles milk. A protease enzyme made by genetically-modified microbes and used to curdle milk in cheesemaking. A protein found in milk. Correct Answer: Rennet: A mixture of enzymes produced in the abomasum (4th) stomach of nursing ruminant animals. Chymosin: A protease enzyme found in rennet that curdles milk. Fermentation-produced chymosin: A protease enzyme made by genetically-modified microbes and used to curdle milk in cheesemaking. Casein: A protein found in milk.
Question: “Before biosynthetic chymosin (FPC) could be sold commercially in the USA, the manufacturer needed to get approval from the Food and Drug Administration in a process that took 28 months.” The preceding statement is…
“Before biosynthetic chymosin (FPC) could be sold commercially in the USA, the manufacturer needed to get approval from the Food and Drug Administration in a process that took 28 months.” The preceding statement is… Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: True
Question: Fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) is made by genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) that contain the chymosin gene from an animal. What is a consequence of this?
Fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) is made by genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) that contain the chymosin gene from an animal. What is a consequence of this? Answer Options: FPC is not considered to be ‘vegetarian friendly’ because vegetarians only eat non-GMO foods. The availability of FPC helped to compensate for the declining rennet availability that occurred in the USA when veal consumption decreased. In the USA, certified organic cheese is allowed to contain FPC because it is no different to animal-derived rennet. FPC cannot be used to make cheese in the United Kingdom because they do not allow GMOs to be used in any stage of food production. Correct Answer: The availability of FPC helped to compensate for the declining rennet availability that occurred in the USA when veal consumption decreased.
Question: “Bacterial starter cultures are added to the milk at the beginning of the cheesemaking process to give the cheese additional flavors.” The preceding statement is…
“Bacterial starter cultures are added to the milk at the beginning of the cheesemaking process to give the cheese additional flavors.” The preceding statement is… Answer Options: True False Correct Answer: True